Appearance of the Chest:
- Barrel chest
- increased A-P diameter
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Asthma
Chest Percussion: Hyperresonant/tympanic note
Emphysema Bronchitis Bronchiectasis Asthma Pneumothorax
Chest X-ray:
- hyperlucent
- depressed or flattened diaphragm
- long & narrow heart
- increased retro-sternal air space
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Asthma
Decreased flow rates (FEV1, FEF25-75%, FEV1/FVC)
Emphysema Bronchitis Bronchiectasis Asthma Cystic Fibrosis
Cough: Productive purulent sputum
Bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Past Medical History: Smoking
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Past Medical History: Recurrent pulmonary infections
Bronchiectasis
Cough: Hemoptysis
Bronchiectasis
Hemothorax
Cough: Foul smelling sputum
Bronchiectasis
Past Medical History: Daytime sleepiness, insomnia, loud snoring, hypothyroidism
Sleep Apnea
Pulmonary Function: Decreased volumes
Sleep Apnea
Special Test: Polysomography
Sleep Apnea
If both nasal flow and respiratory effort decrease then desaturation is caused by __________.
Central Apnea
If nasal flow decreases with an increase in respiratory effort then desaturation is caused by _________.
Obstructive Apnea
Shortness of Breath: Pursed-lip breathing
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Asthma
Pulmonary Function: Pre and post bronchodilator improvement
*at least 12% and 200mL increase in FEV1
Asthma
Cough: Increase in
- eosinophils
- Charcot-Leyden crystals
- IgE levels
Asthma
Special Diagnostic Tests: CT/bronchogram indicating “Tree in winter” pattern
Bronchiectasis
