1
Q
Clinically significant infectious etiology of endometritis
A
Chlamydia trachomatis
2
Q
Infection that begins in the vulva/vagina that ascends to involve the upper reproductive tract
Presents as pelvic pain, adnexal tenderness, fever, and vaginal discharge
A
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
3
Q
Type of PID
Initial infection from endocervical mucosa
Ascends via direct mucosal spread
A
Gonococcal PID
4
Q
Type of PID
Associated with uterine manipulation
Spreads lympohematogenously
A
Non-gonococcal PID
5
Q
Non-neoplastic epithelial lesion of the vulva
Leukoplakia
Thinning of the epidermis
Not pre-malignant
A
Lichen sclerosus
6
Q
Non-neoplastic epithelial lesion of the vulva
Acanthosis
Not pre-malignant
A
Squamous Hyperplasia of the Vulva
7
Q
Most common type of Vulvar SCCA
A
Non-HPV related (70%)
8
Q
Failure of Mullerian Duct fusion
Usually accompanied by uterine didhelphys
Associated wih DES exposure in utero
A
Septate Vagina
9
Q
Remnant of the Wolffian/Mesonephric Duct
A
Gartner Duct Cyst
10
Q
Most common vaginal malignancy
A
Direct spread from cervical carcinoma
11
Q
Most common primary vaginal malgnancy
A
SCCA
12
Q
Disease of the young (<5 years)
Grape-like clusters
Malignant embryonal rhabdomyoblasts
May cause urinary tract obstruction
A
Sarcoma Botryoides
13
Q
Most important factor in developing cervical CA
A
HPV 16 (60%) and HPV 18 (10%) infection
14
Q
MoA: E7 in Cervical CA
A
Inactivates Rb, p21, and p27;
Promotes cell proliferation
15
Q
MoA: E6 in Cervical CA
A
Inactivates p53
Promotes cellular immortality
16
Q
Grading of CIN
A
LSIL:
Confined to lower third of the epithelium
HSIL:
Expansion to upper 2/3 of the epithelium
17
Q
Most common cause of death in cervical cancer
A
Uremia from renal spread of malignancy
18
Q
Pap Smear Monitoring
A
Start at 21 or within 3 years of first coitus; repeat every 3 years until 30 years of age
Beyond 30, repeat every 5 years
If (+) HR HPV, repeat every 6-12 months
19
Q
Quadrivalent (6, 11, 16, 18) vaccine for HPV
A
Gardasil
20
Q
AUB Etiologies
A
PALM COEINS
Polyp
Adenomyosis
Leiomyoma
Malignancy
Coagulopathy Ovulatory dysfunction Edometrial Pathology Iatrogenic Not classified
21
Q
Abnormal uterine bleeding without an organic/structural cause
Most common cause: Anovuatory Cycle (unopposed estrogen)
A
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
22
Q
Ectopic endometrial tissue
Infertility, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain
Most common site: Chocolate Cysts (Ovary)
Mediated by elevated PGE2 (increases estrigen synthesis)
A
Endometriosis
23
Q
Endometrial glands in the myometrium
AUB, colicky dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia
Symmetrically enlarged corpus with blood lakes
A
Adenomyosis
24
Q
Regurgitation Theory (Endometriosis)
A
Implantation of ectopic endometrial tissue via retrogade menstruation
25
Benign endometrial mass associated with Tamoxifen use
Endometrial Polyp
26
Tumor suppressor gene found to be inactivated in cases of endometrial hyperplasia
PTEN
27
Most common malignancy of the female genital tract
Endometrial CA
28
```
Type of EM CA
50's-60's
Unopposed Estrogen
Endometroid Morphology
PTEN Mutation
Indolent, lymphatic spread
```
```
Type I
(Endometroid)
```
29
Type of EM CA
60's-70's
Atrophic uterus, thin physique
Serous/Clear Cell/Mixed Mullerian Morphology
TP53 Mutation
Aggressive; intraperitoneal lymphatic spread
Type II
| Serous
30
Most common tumor in women
Leiomyoma
31
Gene mutation involved in leiomyomas
MED 12
32
Most common type of Leiomyoma
Intramural
33
Most common pathogen seen in Salphingitis
Gonococcus
34
Lined by flattened granulosa cells in the ovary
Exhibit Luteinization
Hyperplasia of ovarian theca lutein (Hyperthecosis)
```
Cystic Follicles (if < 2cm)
Follicular Cysts (if > 2cm)
```
35
Lined by luteinized granulosa cells in the ovary
| May rupture and cause peritoneal reaction
Corpus Luteum Cysts
36
Stein-Leventhal Syndrome
Complex endocrine disorder characterized by:
1. Hyperandrogenism
2. Menstrual abnormalities
3. Infertility
4. Chronic Anovulation
5. Polycystic ovaries
Associated with: T2DM, MS
Also known as Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
37
Most common ovarian tumor
Mullerian Epithelium Type
38
Most common type of Surface Epithelial ovarian tumors
Serous
39
Tumor marker for Surface Epithelial ovarian tumors
CA 125
40
Type of serous tumor
Well-differentiated
Precursor lesion: Borderline Tumors
Mutations in KRAS. BRAF, ERBB22
Low-grade Serous Tumor
41
Type of serous tumor
Moderately- to poorly-differentiated
Precursor: Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC)
TP53, BRCA mutation
High-grade Serous Tumor
42
Surface epithelial ovarian tumor
Mostly benign
Primary type is rare; consider extraovarian primary
KRAS Mutation
Usually unilateral
Associated with Pseudomyxoma Peritonei (mucinous ascites)
Mucinous Tumor
43
Most common extraovarian source of mucinous ovarian tumors
Appendix
44
```
Surface epithelial ovarian tumor
Coexists with endometriosis (15-20%)
PTEN Mutation
Hallmark: Tubular glands resembling endometrium
Bilateral (40%)
```
Endometroid Tumor
45
Most common Germ Cell Tumor in females
Benign Cystic Teratoma
46
```
Type of GCT
Dermoid Cyst-like architecture
Reproductive age women
Contain structures derived from > 1 germ cell layer
Benign
```
Mature Teratoma
47
```
Type of GCT
Solid architecture
Young women, children
Contains neuroepthelium
Malignant
```
Immature Teratoma
48
Teratoma containing ectopic thyroid tissue
| May cause hyperthyroidism
Struma ovarii
49
Teratoma that secretes serotonin
Carcinoid
| rule-out primary intestinal carcinoid
50
```
Germ Cell Tumor
Predominant tissue: Oogonia
Nests of large, vesicular cells with central nuclei and clear cytoplasm
KIT Mutation
Favorable prognosis
```
Most common malignant GCT
Dysgerminoma
| Seminoma in males
51
Germ Cell Tumor
Predominant tissue: Extraembryonic yolk sac
Central blood vessels enveloped by tumor cells within a space lined by tumor cells (Schiller-Duval Bodies)
AFP Mutation
Favorable prognosis
Second most common malignant GCT
Yolk Sac Tumor
| Endodermal Sinus Tumor
52
Germ Cell Tumor
Predominant tissue: Placenta
HCG Mutation
Unfavorable prognosis
Ovarian Chriocarcinoma
53
Most common primary tumors in ovarian metastasis
Tumors of Mullerian Origin
| Uterus, FT, contralateral ovary, pelvic peritoneum
54
Most common extra-mullerian primary in ovarian metastasis
Bone, GIT
55
Signet ring GIT carcinoma that frequently metastasizes to the ovaries
Krukenberg Tumor
56
Cystic swelling of the chorionic villi with trophoblastic proliferation
Differential for bleeding during the first trimester
Hydatidiform Mole
57
Triploid Karyotype
Beta-HCG < 100,000
(+) Fetal components, amnion
p57 positive
Partial Mole
58
```
Diploid Karyotype
Beta-HCG > 100,000
(-) Fetal components, amnion
p57 negative
"Snowstorm" on TV UTZ
```
Complete Mole
59
Proliferation of cytotrophoblasts and syncitiotrophoblasts WITHOUT villi formation
Rapidly invasive, widely metastasizing
Gestational Choriocarcinoma
60
Character of nipple discharge consistent with malignancy
Unilateral, spontaneous
61
Most common pathogens associated with mastitis
Staphylococcus aureus
| Streptococcus pyogenes
62
Benign breast lesion
> 2 cell layers in a duct
Distorted lumina at periphery
Mimics Ductal Carcinoma-in-situ
Epithelial Hyperplasia
63
Solid cords or double strand of cells in a densely fibrotic stroma, compressing ducts
Closely mimics Breast CA
Sclerosing Adenitis
64
Papillary fronds with fibrovascular cores
| Bloody nipple discharge present in stalk infarcts
Papilloma
65
Central nidus of entrapped glands in a hyalinized stroma
| Combination of epithelial hyperplasia, sclerosing adenosis, and papilloma of the breast
Complex Sclerosing Lesion
66
Breast neoplasia
Cribiriform pattern
"Cookie Cutter" Appearance
Loss of 16p function, gain of 17q function
Atypical ductal hyperplasia
| Ductal Carcinoma-in-situ
complete ductal involvement
67
Breast neoplasia
Monomorphic, loosely cohesive cells
Loss of E-cadherin
Atypical lobular hyperplasia
| Lobular Carcinomain-situ
>50% acini involved in a lobule
68
Most common non-skin malignancy in women
Breast CA
69
Female
BRCA1 (Ch17) and BRCA2 (Ch13) Mutation
Estrogen excess
Risk factors for Breast CA
70
```
Breast CIS
Disrupted lobules
Papillary, cribiriform patterns
(+) Necrosis, calcifications
Paget disease of the nipple
Less likely to be bilateral (10-20%)
Variable hormonal status
```
Ductal CIS
71
```
Breast CIS
No disruption of lobules
No papillary, cribiriform patterns
No necrosis, calcifications
No nipple involvement
More likely to be bilateral (20-40%)
ER (+), PR (+), HER2 (-)
```
Lobular CIS
72
Pagetoid Spread
Presence of malignant cells between basement membrane and overlying luminal cells
73
In situ breast disease + absence of intact myoepithelial layer
Haphazardly arranged cells with desmoplasia
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma, No Special Type
74
Components of Nottingham Histologic Score
1. Tubule Formation
2. Nuclear Pleiomorphism
3. Mitotic Figures (per 10 hpf)
Used in grading Invasive ductal carcinoma
75
CDH1 (E-Cadherin) Loss
Tumor cells in single file ("Indian File")
Scant desmoplasia
Mucin (+) signet rings
Most common breast cancer to present as occult primary (proven malignant but primary malignancy unknown)
Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
76
ER, HER (-)
Syncytium-like solid sheets of large cells with pleiomorphic nuclei in the breast
Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates
Pushing Borders
Medullary CA
77
High-grade breast tumor
No particular molecular type
Peau d'orange
Inflammatory CA
78
Most common benign tumor of the female breast
Fibroadenoma
79
Characteristics of COMPLEX Fibroadenomas
Cysts larger then 0.3cm
Papillary apocrine change
sclerosing Adeosis
ePithelial Calcifications
(Mnemonic: CPAP)
80
Proliferation of intralobular stroma with epithelium
Ch1q gain Mutation
HOXB13 mutation suggests aggressive behavior
Leaf-like projections
Phyllodes Tumor
81
Characteristics of Male Breast CA
1. Rare
2. ER (+)
3. Distant metastases are common on initial diagnosis
82
Most common cause of hyperpituitarism
Functional anterior pituitary adenoma
83
Most common type of pituitary adenoma
Prolactinoma
84
Second most common type of pituitary adenoma
Somatotroph Adenoma
85
Acidophilic cell lines in the pituitary gland
Lactotrphs
| Somatotrophs
86
Basophilic cell lines in the pituitary gland
Corticotroph
Gonadotroph
Thyrotrophs
87
PAS (+) cell line in the pituitary
Corticotrophs
| due to carbohydrate moiety present in pro-opiomelanocortin
88
Protein used to differentiate neoplastic from normal pituitary parenchyma
Reticuln (Collagen Type III):
| More sparse in neoplastic tissues
89
Most common cell types in pituitary carcinomas
Corticotrophs (42%)
| Lactotrophs (33%)
90
Pathophysiology: Sheehan Syndrome
Hypopituitarism brought about by ischemic necrosis of the anterior pituitary secondary to pregnancy.
MoA: Physiologic lactotroph hyperplasia in pregnancy without a corresponding increase in blood supply
Posterior pituitary spared due to its independent arterial supply
91
Epithelium-lined cysts found at the posterior portion of the Anterior Pituitary;
Arises from the remnant of an embryonic structure associated with pituitary development
Rathke Cleft Cyst
92
Bimodal age incidence
Origin: Vestigial remnants of Rathke's Pouch
Presents with hypopituitarism or pituitary mass effects
Favorable prognosis
Craniopharyngioma
93
```
Type of Craniopharyngioma
Squamous Epithelium: Cords, Nests
(+) Spongy reticulum
(+) Peripheral palisading
(+) Wet Keratin
(+) Cyst Formation
```
Adamantinomatous
94
```
Type of Craniopharyngioma
Squamous Epithelium: Sheets, Pappillae
(-) Spongy reticulum
(-) Peripheral palisading
(-) Wet Keratin
(-) Cyst Formation
```
Papillary
95
Hypothyroidism in infancy/early childhood
```
Features:
Mental Retardation
Short stature
Coarse facial features
Protruding Tongue
Umbilical hernia
```
Cretinism
96
Hypothyroidism in late childhood/adulthood
```
Features:
Slowing of physical and mental activity
Overweight
Hypercholesterolemia
Non-pitting edema
Coarse facial features
Macroglossia
Accumulation of matrix substances in tissue
```
Myxedema
97
Hormonal picture of thyroiditides in general
Initially hyperthyroid (release of preformed hormones), progressing to hypothyroidism (destruction of tissue)
98
```
Autoantibodies against thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase
Painless goiter
(+) Germinal centers, Fibrosis
(-) Granulomas
Hurthle Cells
Type 4 with Type 2 HSR
```
Hashimoto Thyroidtis
99
Autoantibodies against Thyroid Peroxidase
Painless goiter
Usually with comorbid autoimmune condition
(+) Germinal centers
(-) Fibrosis, granulomas
Subacute Lymphocytic / Postpartum Thyroiditis
100
Cell-mediated damage to follicular cells
Painful goiter
Preceding history of URTI
(+) Granulomas
Granulomatous Thyroiditis
101
Fibrosis of neck structures, including the Thyroid Gland
| Associated with Ormond's Disease
Reidel Thyroiditis
102
Triad of Graves Disease
1. Hyperthyroidism
2. Ophthalmopathy (exophthalmos)
3. Dermopathy (pretibial myxedema)
103
Most common cause of endogenous hyperthyroidism
Graves Diseases
104
Autoimmune process in Graves Disease
Type 2 HSR
| Thyroid Stimulating Autoantibodies
105
Pathophysiology: Graves opthalmopathy and dermopathy
Activation of TSH receptor-(+) fibroblasts in the retroorbital area and the skin, leading to MATRIX DEPOSITION
106
Most common cause of Goiter
Iodine Deficiency
| Increased TSH-mediated growth as compensation for decreased iodine
107
Morphologic phases of Goiter
1. Hyperplastic
(Mediated by TSH; diffuse symmetrical enlargement)
2. Colloid Involution
(post-replenishment of iodine; increase in colloid synthesis)
108
Pathogenesis of Multinodular Goiter
Scarring from recurrent, alternating hyperplastic-colloid involution states of the thyroid
109
Plummer Syndrome
Autonomous, toxic nodule arising from long-standing MNNTG
| (-) Ophthalmopathy, Dermopathy
110
Features that suggest thyroid malignancy
1. Solitary nodule
2. Male
3. Young
4. Hx of Radiation
5. Cold/Non-functional nodules
111
Commonly seen mutations in TOXIC goiters/adenomas
Gain of function mutations:
1. TSH Receptor
2. Alpha-subunit of the Gs signalling system
112
Feature seen in Thyroid adenomas that are absent in multinodular goiters
Intact, well-formed capsules
113
Most common type of thyroid carcinoma
Papillary (>85%)
114
Second most common type of thyroid carcinoma
Follicular (5-15%)
115
Thyroid carcinoma associated with parafollicular cells
Medullary
116
All thyroid carcinomas involve "cold nodules" except
Follicular
117
Paraneoplastic syndromes associated with Medullary thyroid carcinoma
1. VIP
2. ACTH
3. Calcitonin
118
Thyroid carcinoma
Papillary fronds
Orphan Annie Nuclei (optically clear)
Psammoma Bodies
Papillary thyroid CA
119
Thyroid carcinoma
Cytologically normal follicular cells
Hurthle Cells in some cases
Follicular thyroid CA
120
Thyroid carcinoma
Pleiomorphic giant cells (osteoclast-like)
Spindle-shpaed cells (sarcomatous appearance)
Anaplastic thyroid CA
121
Thyroid carcinoma
Small spindle-shaped cells with amyloid deposits
Sporadic type (70%): No parafollicular cell hyperplasia as compared to Familial type (30%)
Medullary thyroid CA
122
Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism
Adenoma
123
Mutations associated with parathyroid neoplasias
Cyclin D1, MEN1
124
Von Recklinghausen Disease
Increase osteoclastic activity
Peritrabecular fibrosis
Cystic brown tumors
125
Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Renal Failure
| compensatory increase in PTH due to calcium wasting
126
Calciphylaxis
Metastatic calcification of the blood vessels leading to ischemic injury
127
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
End organ resistance to PTH
128
Most common cause of hypothyroidism
Iatrogenic (surgical)
129
Most common susceptibility gene of T1DM
Chromosome 6 (6p21)
130
Triad of T2DM Pathogenesis
1. Genetic
2. Environmental
3. Proinflammatory State
131
Most important environmental factor in T2DM
Central/visceral obesity
| increased lipolysis leads to insulin resistance
132
Hallmark of macrovascular T2DM changes
Accelerated atherosclerosis secondary to endothelial dysfunction
133
Hallmark of microvascular T2DM changes
Diffuse thickening of BM
134
Proteinaceous accumulation in the Bowman Space secondary to protein leak from the glomerulus in DM nephropathy
PAS (+)
Kimmelstel-Wilson Bodies
135
Whipple Triad in Insulinomas
1. Hypoglycemia
2. Neuroglycopenic symptoms
3. Relief upon parenteral glucose administration
136
Pancreatic islet cell tumor
Hypergastrinemia
Severe peptic ulceration (jejunum)
Usually malignant
Gastrinoma
137
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
Secretes VIP
Presents as WDHA Syndrome
(Watery diarrhea, Hypokalemia, Achlorhydia)
Verner-Morrison Syndrome
138
Most common cause of Cushing Syndrome
Exogenous Steroids
| iatrogenic
139
Most common endogenous cause of Cushing Syndrome
Corticotrophic pituitary adenoma (70%)
Also known as Cushing Disease
140
Homogenous, pale, basophilic cytoplasm characteristic of ACTH-secreting cells
Crooke-hyaline change
141
Bilateral diffuse or nodular hyperplasia of the zona fasciculata and reticularis
Dexamethasone suppression observed at high doses in PITUITARY pathologies
ACTH-dependent Cushing Syndrome
142
Most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism
Bilateral idiopathic hyperplasia
143
MoA of secondary hyperaldosteronism in pregnancy
Estrogen induces an increase in plasma renin substrates
144
Expected finding of Fludricortisone suppression test in primary hyperaldosteronism
Suppression
145
Most common enzyme deficiency in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
21-hydroxylase deficiency
146
Types of CAH
Salt-wasting
(Total 21-hydroxylase deficiency; (-) Gluco, Mineralo)
Simple Virilizing
(Sufficient mineralocorticoids, (-) Gluco)
Late-Onset
(Partial 21-hydroxylase deficiency; asymptomatic)
147
Bilateral adrenal hemorrhage secondary to disseminated bacterial infection (N. meningitides)
Waterhouse-Friedrichsen Syndrome
148
Most common cause of Addison Disease
Autoimmune adrenalitis
149
Primary chronic adrenal insufficiency
Decreased: Mineralo, Gluco
Collateral MSH increase (hyperpigmentation)
Irregularly shrunken adrenals with lymphoid infiltrates
(-) ACTH stimulation test
Addison Disease
150
Hormone deficiencies usually seen in secondary adrenal insufficiency
Glucocorticoid
| Androgen
151
Hyperadrenalism usually seen in adrenal adenomas
Hyperaldosteronism, Hypercortisolism
152
Hyperadrenalism usually seen in adrenal carcinomas
Virilization
153
Cytogenetic origin: Chromaffin Cells
| Surgically-correctible hypertension
Pheochromocytoma
154
Rule of 10's (Pheochromocytoma)
10% Extra-adrenal
10% Bilateral
10% Malignant
10% without hypertension
155
Syndrome:
Prolactinoma
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PP, Insulinomas)
MEN 1
| Wermer Syndrome
156
Syndrome:
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Parathyroid Hyperplasia
MEN 2A
| Sipple Syndrome
157
Syndrome:
```
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Neuromas
Ganglioneuromas
Marfanoid Habitus
```
MEN 2B
158
Separation of nail from nail bed
Onycholysis
159
Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia
Acanthosis
160
Discontinuity of the skin showing incomplete epidermal loss
Erosion
161
Keratinization with retained nuclei in the stratum corneum
Parakeratosis
162
Intercellular edema of the epidermis
Spongiosis
163
Thickening of the stratum corneum
Hyperkeratosis
164
Hyperplasia of the stratum granulosum
Hypergranulosis
165
Intracellular edema of the epidermis
Hydropic Swelling
166
Mutations associated with Dysplastic Nevi
CDKN2A
(disruption in cell cycle control)
TERT
(telomerase)
167
MoA: Benign nature of Melanocytic Nevi
Intact p16 suppression despite RAS* mutation
*pro-growth signalling
168
Stages of progression
| Melanoma
Lentigo (Basal layer of Epidermis)
Dysplastic Nevus (Epidermal atypia; some dermal involvement)
Early Melanoma (Epidermis and superficial dermis)
Advanced Melanoma (Structures beyond dermis)
169
Most important risk factor for melanoma
Sun Exposure
170
Skin condition arising from a defect in endonuclease activity in epithelial cells, reducing the capacity of the skin to repair cellular damage associated with UV exposure
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
171
Growth phase pattern in melanoma that provides the greatest risk of metastasis
Vertical Growth
| versus radial growth
172
Special stain used for melanoma
Melanin stain
| silver-based
173
On hand lens inspection:
| Small pore-like ostia impacted with keratin
Seborrheic Keratosis
174
Rapid increase in number of seborrheic keratoses;
| often seen in paraneoplastic syndromes of GIT tumors
Leser-Trelat Sign
175
Horn Cysts
Small keratin-filled cysts
176
```
Thickened, hyperpigmented skin
Velvet-like texture
Flexural areas
Hyperkeratosis
Basal cell hyperpigmentation WITHOUT melanocytic hyperplasia
```
Acanthosis Nigricans
177
Sun-damaged skin
Premalignant lesion to SCCA
Cutaneous horn
Atypical dyskeratotic cells in basal epidermis with intercellular bridges (no bridges in SCCA)
Actinic Keratosis
178
Second most common tumor arising in sun-exposed sites
Associated with Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Plaques to nodules with ulceration
More metastatic than locally aggressive
SCCA
179
Most common invasive cancer in humans
Associated with Gorlin Syndrome (Nevoid BCCA)
Pearly papules with telangiectasia, rodent ulcer
More locally aggressive than metastatic
BCCA
180
Wart-like lesions caused by HPV 5 and HPV 8
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis
181
Increase in dermal microvascular permeability, clinically presenting as wheals
Urticaria
182
Type 4 HSR of the skin
| Hallmark: Hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and spongiosis
Acute Eczematous Dermatitis
183
Type 4 HSR of the skin (CD8+ T-cell)
Separation of skin layers at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ)
Target Lesion:
1. Red macule or papule with a pale, vesicular, or eroded center
2. Superficial perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate
3. Dermal edema
Erythema Multiforme
184
Spectrum of Erythema Multiforme
Steven-Johnson Syndrome
(<10% BSA, with mucosal and systemic involvement)
SJS-TEN Overlap
(10-30% BSA)
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
(>30% BSA)
185
Site of separation between skin layers in Reiter Disease (Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome)
Stratum granulosum
186
Type 4 HSR of the skin
Salmon-colored plaques with loosely adherent silver scales
Acanthosis with elongation of rete ridges (test tubes on a rack appearance)
Thinned/absent stratum granulosum
Auspitz Sign
Koebner Phenomenon
Spongiform pustules of Kogoj
Munro microabscesses
Psoriasis
187
Auspitz Sign
Pinpoint bleeding when lifting a scale
188
Koebner Phenomenon
Emergence of the lesion at new sites post-trauma
189
Abscesses formed in the stratum corneum;
| associated with psoriasis
Munro microabscesses
190
Macules and papules on an erythematous-yellow, greasy base with extensive scaling and crusting
Associated with Malassezia infections
Seborrheic Dermatitis
191
```
Type 4 HSR of the skin
Pruritic, purple, polygonal, planar papules and plaques (6 P's)
Wickham Striae
Civatte/colloid bodies
Epidermal hyperplasia Keratosis
Sawtoothing of DEJ
```
Lichen Planus
192
Whitish lines visible on papules and plaques in Lichen Planus and other dermatophytoses
Wickham Striae
193
Eosinophilic hyaline bodies associated with Lichen Planus
Civatte Bodies
194
Pathophysiology: Epidermolysis bullosa
Defects in keratin, laminin, and Type VII collagen
195
Chronic inflammation of pilosebaceous unit
Hallmark: Comedogenesis
Pathogen: Propinibacterium sp.
Acne vulgaris
196
Pruritic pink to skin-colored papules with central umbilication
Pox Virus
Molluscum Contagiousum
197
Large ellipsoid, homogenous cytoplasmic inclusions in the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum
Associated with Pox Virus
Molluscum Bodies
198
Localized problems in migration and condensation of mesenchyme
Dysostoses
199
Most common skeletal dysplasia
Achondroplasia
200
Most common lethal form of dwarfism
Thanatophoric Dysplasia
201
Brittle bone disease
Defect in collagen type 1 synthesis
Brittle Bone Disease
Most lethal subtype: Type II
Most common inherited disorder of connective disorder
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
202
```
Impaired osteoclast function
Marble Bone Disease
Diffuse symmetric skeletal sclerosis
First disorder to be treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Absence of medullary canal
Erlenmeyer Flask Deformity
```
Albers-Schonberg Disease
| Osteopetrosis
203
Hallmark of Osteoporosis
Histologically normal bone, but decreased in quantity
204
Increased but disordered and structurally unsound bone mass
Primarily a disease of the elderly
Commonly affects the axial skeleton and proximal femur
Bone pain from microfractures
Paget Disease
| Osteitis Deformans
205
Phases of Paget Disease
Osteoclastic Phase
Mixed
Osteoblastic Phase
PLE 2017: Pathology
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