pathomorph

Question 1

What is the medical term for gallstone disease?

Answer 1

Cholelithiasis

Gallstone disease involves the accumulation of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.

Question 2

What are the main components of gallstones?

Answer 2

• Calcium salts
• Cholesterol
• Bilirubin

Gallstones can be white or brown depending on the predominant component.

Question 3

What condition can gallstones cause due to obstruction?

Answer 3

Posthepatic jaundice

This occurs when bile ducts or gallbladder are obstructed.

Question 4

What is urolithiasis?

Answer 4

Deposition of urinary stones in the urinary tract

It is particularly problematic for male animals due to their long and narrow urethra.

Question 5

What are the two types of urinary calculi diseases?

Answer 5

• Nephrolithiasis
• Urolithiasis

Nephrolithiasis refers to kidney stones, while urolithiasis refers to stones in the urinary tract.

Question 6

What are the three classifications of calculi based on structure?

Answer 6

• Homogeneous
• Mixed (combined)
• Shell (nuclear)

These classifications depend on the composition of the calculi.

Question 7

What are the four classifications of calculi based on size?

Answer 7

• Microliths
• Sediment
• Sand
• Calculi

Size classification helps in understanding the severity and treatment of the condition.

Question 8

What are the types of calculi based on content?

Answer 8

• Urate
• Oxalate
• Carbonate
• Phosphate

These types are formed in an acidic environment.

Question 9

What is the process of calculogenesis?

Answer 9

Formation of calculi (stones)

It involves sedimentation and crystallization processes.

Question 10

What are the three types of calculi based on etiological reasons?

Answer 10

• Inflammatory calculi
• Metabolic calculi
• Stagnant calculi

Each type has different underlying causes related to bodily functions.

Question 11

What is calcium degeneration?

Answer 11

Deposition of calcium salts in necrotic foci

It occurs at normal levels of calcium in blood and tissue fluid.

Question 12

What is rigor mortis?

Answer 12

Stiffening of all muscles after death

It begins 1-6 hours after death and lasts for one to two days.

Question 13

What is autolysis?

Answer 13

Self-digestion by tissue enzymes after death

It occurs relatively quickly in organs like the liver and pancreas.

Question 14

What is putrefaction?

Answer 14

Decay of proteins by microorganisms

It is influenced by temperature and humidity.

Question 15

What is algor mortis?

Answer 15

Gradual cooling of the body after death

The cooling rate varies by species and environmental conditions.

Question 16

What are salivary stones also known as?

Answer 16

Sialolithiasis

They obstruct the ducts of the salivary glands, forming cysts filled with saliva.

Question 17

What is pancreatic stones also referred to as?

Answer 17

Pancreatolithiasis

They are made of calcium carbonate and primarily affect cattle.

Question 18

What are pseudoconcretions?

Answer 18

Compacted normal or pathological matter in a body cavity

They can mimic concretions in appearance.

Question 19

What is the definition of death?

Answer 19

Permanent, irreversible cessation of all biological functions

It marks the end of life for an organism.

Question 20

What is the preagonal phase?

Answer 20

Phase before death with weakened reflexes and falling blood pressure

It can last several minutes before the agonal phase begins.

Question 21

What is clinical death?

Answer 21

Recovery is still possible, lasts 5-6 minutes in humans

In animals, it can last up to 10-12 minutes.

Question 22

What is biological death?

Answer 22

Recovery of functions is impossible, occurs 5-6 minutes after clinical death

Irreversible changes begin in the central nervous system.

Question 23

What is mors per asphyxiam?

Answer 23

Death occurs after breathing stops

It leads to incomplete coagulation of blood and passive venous hyperemia.

Question 24

What is simple calcification?

Answer 24

Deposition of calcium salts in intact tissues due to high blood calcium levels

It is associated with parathyroidism or poor calcium absorption.

Question 25

What is **simple calcification** characterized by?

Answer 25

* Deposition of calcium salts in intact tissues * High levels of calcium in blood and tissue fluids * Associated with parathyroidism or poor calcium absorption ## Footnote Simple calcification is subdivided into calcium metastasis and calcium gout.

Question 26

What are the two types of **simple calcification**?

Answer 26

* Calcium metastasis * Calcium gout ## Footnote Calcium metastasis involves calcium salts appearing in tissues due to high blood calcium levels, while calcium gout is associated with aged animals and reduced protective proteins.

Question 27

What is **osteomalacia** characterized by?

Answer 27

* Bone softening * Extraction of calcium from bones * Caused by malnutrition, pregnancy, or increased lactation ## Footnote The compact bone becomes thinner and turns into spongious bone tissue (osteoporosis).

Question 28

What is **fibrous osteodystrophy** caused by?

Answer 28

* Impaired function of the parathyroid gland * Insufficient accumulation of calcium * Extraction of calcium from bones ## Footnote Connective tissue grows in hypocalcemic bones, causing thickening and deformity, especially in facial bones and epiphyses.

Question 29

What are the two hormones that play a major role in **carbohydrate metabolism**?

Answer 29

* Insulin * Adrenaline ## Footnote Insulin facilitates carbohydrate passage into cells, while adrenaline causes the breakdown of reserve glycogen.

Question 30

What is **glycogenolysis**?

Answer 30

* Reduced amount of glycogen in depots * Observed in diabetes mellitus * Morphological signs include reduction to complete lack of glycogen in liver and muscles ## Footnote It can also occur in starvation, diet, physical exercise, and other conditions.

Question 31

What is the composition of **intestinal stones** (enteroliths)?

Answer 31

* Ammonium magnesium sulfate (triple phosphate) * Faceted with layered structure * Dark color ## Footnote Common in horses, they can cause obstructive ileus and colic attacks.

Question 32

What is **hypocalcinosis**?

Answer 32

* Local or general condition * Local: observed in pathological processes in bones and teeth * General: includes rachitis, osteomalacia, and fibrous osteodystrophy ## Footnote Rachitis is characterized by reduced intake of calcium and phosphorus, leading to soft and deformed bones.

Question 33

What is **glycogenosis**?

Answer 33

* Increase in the amount of glycogen in depots * Subdivided into general and local glycogenosis ## Footnote General glycogenosis is associated with increased insulin, while local glycogenosis occurs in various tumors.

Question 34

What is **calcification** (calcinosis)?

Answer 34

* Deposition of calcium in soft tissues * Occurs in tissues where calcium is normally absent (heterotopic calcification) ## Footnote Impaired calcium metabolism can lead to hypocalcinosis or calcification.

Question 35

How is calcium detected histochemically?

Answer 35

* Von Kossa staining - brown-black color * H&E staining - dark blue or purple granules ## Footnote Calcium can be found in dissolved state or as sediments in bones and teeth.