Pathophysiology

Question 1

Hypothermia effects

Answer 1

• Decreased threshold to arrythmia
• Increased 02 consumption 2ry to shivering
• Coagulopathy
• Increased SVR and afterload

Question 2

Why intubation in pregnant is considered difficult?

Answer 2

• Anatomical changes in pregnancy, like airway edema and increased breast size, obscure landmarks during laryngoscopy.
• Rapid desaturation due to reduced functional residual capacity; pregnancy increases metabolic rates, reducing safe apnea time.
• Higher aspiration risk from delayed gastric emptying and decreased esophageal sphincter tone.
• Hormonal changes cause mucosal edema, complicating airway visualization.
• Weight gain and possible obesity hinder proper positioning for intubation.
• Altered Mallampati score due to pregnancy-related airway changes, indicating potential intubation difficulty.
• Reduced cervical spine mobility limits neck extension.
• Increased oxygen consumption and psychological stress add urgency and complexity to airway management.

Question 3

Pathophysiological stages of ARDS

Answer 3

• Exudative
• Proliferative
• Fibrotic

Question 4

Proning: mechanism of benefit

Answer 4

• Improved V/Q matching by improving ventilation of posterior lung (inflamed lung) & perfusion of
  anterior lung (functional lung)
• Postural drainage of the secretion