Patterns

Question 1

What is the difference between aggregative and clinal multicellularity?

Answer 1

• aggregative: unrelated unicellular organism come together
• clonal: are related (buds that fail to separate)

Question 2

what are the potential advantages of multicellularity?

Answer 2

• resistance to environmental stress (e.g. outer cells protect inner cells from UV)
• in terrestrial: formation of stalk allowing elevation from the substrate and wind dispersal of the propagules
• resistance to predators
• cooperative feeding
• division of labour
• formation of a mileu interieur

Question 3

what happens when multicellularity breaks down?

Answer 3

cancer formation (it is a feature of multicellularity)

Question 4

what is adaptive radiation?

Answer 4

evolutionary divergence of members of a single phylogenetic lineage into a variety of different adaptive forms over a relatively short interval of geological time

Question 5

what are the different adaptive radiations that occurred throughout time?

Answer 5

• cambrian
• silurian
• devonian
• carboniferous
• jurassic
• cretaceous
• paleocene

Question 6

what happened during the cambrian explosion?

Answer 6

• gave rise to animals (all the phylas that exist today)

Question 7

what happened during the silurian period?

Answer 7

gave rise to land plants

Question 8

what happened during the devonian period?

Answer 8

radiation of fishes

Question 9

what happened during the carboniferous period?

Answer 9

• appearance of early reptiles
• development of amphibians and insects

Question 10

what happened during the jurassic period?

Answer 10

• rise of giant dinosaurs
• appearance of first birds

Question 11

what happened during the cretaceous period?

Answer 11

• first flowering plants
• extinction of dinosaurs

Question 12

what happened during the paleocene period?

Answer 12

• radiation of primitive mammals

Question 13

what happened during the ediacaran period?

Answer 13

• first multicellular-type organisms appeared

Question 14

what are the ediacaran biotia? what type of organisms were they?

Answer 14

• they were soft-bodies organisms
• charniodiscus
• rangea
• dickinsonia
• ediacaria
• edicaria flindersi

Question 15

what anatomical features did the edicaran biota have?

Answer 15

they have no features (no eyes, mouths, anuses, intestinal tracts, or locomotory appendages)

Question 16

were edicaran’s plants or animals?

Answer 16

animals

Question 17

what are the different cambrian animals from the Burgess Shale of BC, Canada?

Answer 17

• hallucigenia
• wiwaxia
• pikaia
• opabinia
• anamalocaris

Question 18

Hallucigenia is the stem taxa of which phyla?

Answer 18

onychophora

Question 19

anomalocaris is the stem taxa of which phyla?

Answer 19

arthropoda

Question 20

opabinia is stem taxa of which phyla?

Answer 20

arthropoda

Question 21

wiwaxia is stem taxa of which phyla?

Answer 21

annelida

Question 22

pikaia is stem taxa of which phyla?

Answer 22

chordata

Question 23

what is the gould’s hypothesis of the ediacara and burgess shale phylogeny?

Answer 23

they are seperate (ediacara is seperate branch that went extinct)

Question 24

what is conway morris’s hypothesis of the ediacara and burgess shale phylogeny?

Answer 24

ediacara are decendants of burgess shale (correct one)

Question 25

what are molecular clocks?

Answer 25

the correspondence between the rate of mutation/DNA differences and millions of years (use graph that is million of years vs number of nucleotide substitutions to make tree)

Question 26

what is an assumption of molecular clocks?

Answer 26

that mutation rates are all the same

Question 27

what are the hypotheses for the cambrian explosion?

Answer 27

1. explosion: origin and radiation occur together 2. slow fuse: origin first, then radiation later 3. slow: origin and slow diversification

Question 28

what caused the Cambrian explosion?

Answer 28

- geological condition (temperature, new niches) - rising oxygen levels - predator-prey relationships - developmental toolkit of genes (genes that are highly conserved)

Question 29

what is the engrail gene?

Answer 29

codes for segment polarity

Question 30

what is the Pax6/eyeless gene?

Answer 30

codes for eye development

Question 31

what has emerged as a central mechanism explaining developmental and evolutionary change?

Answer 31

gene regulation

Question 32

what are the three kingdoms of multicellular organism?

Answer 32

plants, fungi, animals

Question 33

animals are hypothesized to have evolved from what organism?

Answer 33

choanoflagellates

Question 34

how do animals obtain their energy?

Answer 34

eating (they are heterotrophs)

Question 35

what do animals cells secrete?

Answer 35

extracellular matric that consists of collagen, integrins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans

Question 36

what are parazoa vs eumetazoa?

Answer 36

- parazoa: no true tissue (sponges) - eumetazoa: have true tissue

Question 37

what is radiata vs bilateria?

Answer 37

- radiata: radially symmetrical - bilateria: bilaterally symmetrical

Question 38

what is prorostomia vs deuterostomia?

Answer 38

- prorostomia: envagination in early embryo becomes mouth - deuterostomia: envagination in early embryo becomes anus

Question 39

what is lophotrochozoa vs ecdysozoa?

Answer 39

- lophotrochozoa: have lophophores, which is a set of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth - ecdysozoa: shed skin (worms, crustaceans, insects)

Question 40

what did plants evolve from?

Answer 40

green algae

Question 41

plants have ____ rich cell walls.

Answer 41

cellulose

Question 42

how do plants get their energy?

Answer 42

sun (photoautotrophic)

Question 43

how did green algae get new genes an evolve into multicellular photosynthetic organisms?

Answer 43

got new genes through horizontal gene transfer and gained organelles by endosymbiosis

Question 44

what are the similarities between green algae and land plants?

Answer 44

- store carbohydrate reserve as starch - have rigid, cellulose-reinforced cell walls - use similar types of pigment in metabolic pathways, both chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids alpha and beta

Question 45

what makes plant reproduction so special?

Answer 45

they go through alternation of generations (between haploid and diploid phase)

Question 46

what are the 4 major evolutionary inventions in plants (and what are the associated type of plant)?

Answer 46

1. bryophytes and hepatophytes: non-vascular lineage (moss...) 2. ferns and other seedless vascular plants: vascular lineage 3. gymnosperms: seed lineage 4. angiosperms: flower linage

Question 47

why did angiosperms evolve so rapidly?

Answer 47

their flower structures enabled insects or birds to pollinate them and disperse there seeds

Question 48

how do fungo obtain nutrients?

Answer 48

either from live host by parasitism or from the digestion of dead organic matter (absorb nutrient from their substrate -- release digestive enzymes)

Question 49

what is said to be the ancestry of fungi?

Answer 49

- share a choanoflagellate ancestor with animals, so more closely related to animals than plants, are sister group to animals

Question 50

what are the cell walls of fungi composed of?

Answer 50

chitin