what does malaise mean
this is a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or unease whose exact cause is difficult to identify
define crackles
this is a sound that is often associated with inflammation or infection of the small bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli
define amoxicillin
– antibiotic from the penicillin family, it is used to treat a number of bacterial infections, it attaches to the cell wall and causes the death of the bacteria
define macrolide
they have an antibacterial spectrum that is similar but not identfical to that of penicillin, it is protein synthesis inhibitor, it prevents the peptidyltransferase from adding the growing peptide attached to tRNA to the next amino acid, also can cause the premature dissociation of the peptidyl tRNA from the ribosome
define effusion
this is excess fluid that accumulates in the pleural cavity
define congestive heart failure
Heart failure, sometimes known as congestive heart failure, occurs when your heart muscle doesn’t pump blood as well as it should
what pathogens cause pneumonia
bacteria or virus
is pneumonia and upper or lower respiratory tract infection
lower
what is the most frequent cause of pneumonia
- Most frequent cause is the streptococcus pneumoniae (antibiotic resistance in penicillin and macrolides)
describe the damage done to pneumonia
- Pneumonia (direct injury) → Inflammation → Innate immunity →Alveolar injury/dysfunction
- Invasion & overgrowth of a pathogenic microorganism in the lung parenchyma → intra-alveolar exudates → Pneumonia
- If there is enough repetitive injury to the alveoli then they cross into the systemic circulation, the neutrophils will then start to modulate this
define pneumonia
- Pneumonia is a bacterial, viral or fungal infection that can effect on or both sides of the lungs, it causes the air sacs, alveoli of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus
name the different types of pneumonia
- Bacterial pneumonia – caused by various bacteria
- Viral pneumonia – type is caused by various viruses including the flu (influenza)
- Mycoplasma pneumonia – caused by bacteria mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Hospital acquired pneumonia
- Community acquired pneumonia
- Walking pneumonia – feel well enough to go about regular activities
- Fungal pneumonia – more likely to get it if your immune system is weakened from an organ transplant, chemotherapy for cancer, medicines to treat an autoimmune disease like rheumatoid arthritis
- Aspiration pneumonia – inhale food drink vomit or saliva into your lungs
what are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia
- Commonly resolve spontaneously withint 4-7 days
- Headache
- Fever
- Weakenss
- Dry cough
- Nasal congestion
- Chills
- Sore throat
- Sweating
- Muscle aches
- Symptoms commonly last for 3-4 weeks
- Daily activities are impaired for a further 3 weeks on average
how do you diagnose pneumonia
- Physical exam
- Complete blood count
- Sputum culture
- Urine test
- PCR
- CT scan
- Chest radiograph to allow accurate diagnosis.- consolidation in the lower zones
what are the microbiological investigations for pneumonia
- Urea and electrolytes to inform severity assessment.
- C-reactive protein to aid diagnosis and as a baseline measure.
- Full blood count and Liver function tests
describe how CRB65 works
- Confusion
- Respiration rate greater than or equal to 30 min
- Blood pressure – hypotensive
- Over the age of 65
- if 0 - dutiable for home treatment and given antibiotics
- if 1-2 moderate severity should consider a hospital referral
- if 3-4 high severity - urgent hospital admission, empirical antibiotics if life threatening
what is the treatment of pneumonia
CRB65 of 0 - amoxicillin 500mg or - doxycycline 200mg loading then 100mg or - clarithromycin 500mg BD for 5-7 days
CRB65 of 1-2
- amoxicillin 500mg plus, clarithromycin 500mg dual therapy
or
- doxycycline monotherapy 200mg loading then 100mg
CRB65 of 3 or more
- bezylpencillin 1-2g IV or amoxicillin 1g
what is the treatment for children with pneumonia
- cough and cold means they have no pneumonia so home care advice
- fast breathing and or chestt undraping pneumonia - oral amoxicillin and home care advice
- general danger signs - severe pneumonia or very severe disease - first dose antibiotic and referral to facility for injectable antibiotic/supportive therapy
what other treatments for pneumonia are there
- Pain killers such as paracetmol or ibuprofen
- Drink plently of fluids
explain her symptoms
- 40 degrees – tyring to kill of the bacteria and pathogen
- Cough – excess mucus secretion to trap the bacteria and pathogen, irritation of the alveoli due to excess fluid
- Backpain
- Malaise
- 130 bpm – lack of oxygen getting to cells therefore increases beats per minute
- RR 33 per minute – breathing is harder, alveoli filled with fluid therefore less surface area for exchange of oxygen, this can cause hyperventilation as lack of oxygen
- 95/65 bp
- SpO2 94%- due to inefficient oxygen diffusion across the alveoli
- Crackles – excess fluid in the lungs
- Sharp pain in right base – consolidation
what is a preventive measure of pneumonia
- pneumococcal vaccine
what groups of people should have a pneumococcal vaccine
- Elderly over 65 and young should be targeted
- Children and adults with certain long term health conditions such as serious heart of kidney conditions
- Those with respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD
- Anyone at occupational risk such as welders
- Had spleen removed or doesn’t work properly
- Chronic liver disease
- A cochlear implant
- Immune system supressed such as if you are on chemotherapy
what vaccine to babies receive
- Babies receive 3 doses – 8 weeks, 16 weeks, 1 year – offered pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PCV
what vaccines do adults aged over 65 and those aged from 2-64 receive
- Adults over 65 – offered pneumococall polysaccharide vaccine PPV
- PPV from children from aged 2 to 64
