1
Q
Chemical elements that form most of living biological matter
A
CHON
2
Q
BIOMOLECULES
What are the monomers of:
- carbohydrate
- protein
- lipid
- nucleic acid
A
- monosaccharide
- amino acid
- glycerol & fatty acids
- nucleotide
3
Q
What are the elements comprising
- carbohydrate
- protein
- lipid
- nucleic acid
A
- CHO
- CHONPS
- CHO
- CHONP
4
Q
Function of carbohydrate
A
body’s primary source of energy
ex. starch, cellulose, sugars
5
Q
Function of protein
A
for growth and repair
ex. muscle, hair, nails, enzymes
6
Q
Function of lipids
A
long-term energy storage, insulation, hormones, cell membrane
ex. oil, wax, fat
7
Q
Function of nucleic acid
A
genetic information storage, protein synthesis
ex. DNA, RNA
8
Q
3 Examples of Disaccharides
A
- saccharose
- lactose
- maltose
9
Q
3 Examples of Assimilable Polysaccharides
A
- starch
- amylose
- amylopectin
10
Q
Glucose + Fructose
A
Sucrose
11
Q
Galactose + Glucose
A
Lactose
12
Q
2 Glucose
A
Maltose
13
Q
(CH2O)n is a formula for what macromolecule
A
carbohydrates
14
Q
Which macromolecule does not dissolve in water?
A
lipids
15
Q
Monosaccharides have yellow appearance and are soluble in water. True or False?
A
False, they are colorless and are soluble in water
16
Q
C10 to C20 natural fatty acids
A
capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and arachidic
17
Q
Lipids are used by the body to perform all of the following functions EXCEPT:
A. membrane structural material.
B. enzyme action.
C. insulation.
D. a rich energy source.
A
B. enzyme action.
18
Q
2 Polyunsaturated fats
A
Omega-3s & Omega-6s
19
Q
2 Types of Trans fats
A
Conjugated linoleic acids (natural)
Partially hydrogenated oils (artificial)
20
Q
Fats that have fatty acids with only single covalent bonds in their carbon skeletons are
A
saturated
21
Q
Accounts for 95% of the fat in our diet and formed with the combination of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
A
triglycerides
22
Q
Contain no C-C double bonds
A
saturated fats
23
Q
Contain 1 C-C double bond
A
monounsaturated fats
24
Q
Contain 2 or more C-C double bonds
A
polyunsaturated fats
25
Contain C-C double bonds in a trans rather than cis configuration
trans fats
26
Which has the higher melting point:(a) a triglyceride containing only lauric acid and glycerol or (b) a triglyceride containing only stearic acid and glycerol?
(b) a triglyceride containing only stearic acid and glycerol
27
which is a polymer?
- nucleic acid
- fatty acid
- amino acid
- glycerol
nucleic acid
28
Nucleic acids of DNA only
- thymine (N)
- 2-deoxyribose (S&P)
29
Nucleic acids of RNA only
- uracil (N)
- ribose (S&P)
30
Nucleic acids of DNA & RNA
- adenine, guanine, cytosine (N)
- phosphate (S&P)
31
What are described as the "building blocks of Protein"?
amino acids
32
Proteins are _____ made of amino acid______.
polymers; monomers
33
In this type of structure, most of carbonyl groups of peptide bonds forms a hydrogen bond with the amide nitrogen of another peptide bond four amino acids further down the polypeptide chain:
alpha-helix
34
The isoelectric point of an amino acid is defined as the pH
where the molecule carries no electric charge
35
The term “SALTING IN” refers to?
Increasing the solubility of a protein in solution by adding ions.
36
Salting Out
proteins become less soluble at high salt concentrations
37
The local spatial arrangement of a polypeptide’s backbone atoms without regard to the conformation of its side chains can be called as
secondary structure
38
The primary stabilizing force of protein secondary structure is
hydrogen bonds
39
Two types of -pleated sheets can be called:
parallel and antiparallel
40
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a globular protein?
Polypeptide chain in extended, long
sheets
41
Some parts of a protein that have a specific chemical structure and function are called protein
domains
42
One of the following is NOT usually a force that helps to hold the monomer units of a quaternary protein together?
A. Peptide bonds
B. Disulfide bonds
C. Salt bonds
D. Hydrophobic interactions
A. Peptide bonds
43
Which of the following is a secondary structure breaker/alpha helix terminator?
Pro (Proline)
44
The quaternary structure of a protein is
the intertwining of two or more polypeptides
45
The action of disrupting the three- dimensional shape of a protein is termed
denaturation
46
The amino acid found in protein structure
Arginine
47
The bonds in protein structure that are not broken on denaturation
Peptide bonds
48
What is the product of the oxidation of dopamine
Reverse reaction occurs via methylation
R-Epinephrine
49
A heterocyclic aromatic compound consisting of pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring
Purine (Adenine, Guanine)
50
A heterocyclic aromatic compound similar to benzene and pyridine, containing 2 N atoms at positions 1,3.
Pyrimidine (Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine)
51
What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure if DNA?
to connect the base pairs
52
Nucleoside is a pyrimidine or purine base
covalently bonded to a
sugar
53
In gel electrophoresis, what fragments will move most quickly through a gel?
small fragments
54
Nucleotide bases and aromatic amino acids absorb light respectively at
260 & 280 nm
55
Which is true about the pairing of bases in the DNA molecule?
purines always pair with
pyrimidines
56
Enzymes have names that
can end either in -in or -ase
57
The protein portion of a conjugated enzyme is called a(n)
protein portion of the enzyme without the cofactors
apoenzyme
58
Enzyme cofactors that bind covalently at the active site of an enzyme are referred to as
prosthetic groups
59
An enzyme active site is the location in an enzyme where substrate
molecules
undergo change
60
What is the optimal temperature range for the majority of enzymes?
35-40 C
61
An allosteric activator
- increases the binding affinity
- stabilizes the R state of the protein
62
The location on an enzyme where binding occurs is known as the
active site
63
NAD+, FAD, and FMN are all cofactors for
Oxidoreductases
64
Allosteric activator
- speeds up reaction
- maintain Vmax
65
Which of the following kinetic parameters best describes how well suited a specific compound functions as a substrate for a particular enzyme?
kcat/Km => catalytic efficiency
66
The rate-determining step of Michaelis Menten kinetics is
the complex dissociation step to produce product
67
Competitive vs Non-competitive inhibitor
C: Vmax same, Km increases
NC: Km same, Vmax decreases
68
Which of the following binds to an enzyme at its active site?
reversible competitive inhibitor
69
An uncompetitive inhibitor binds to ____.
ES
70
A reversible inhibitor that can bind to either E alone or the ES complex
is referred to as a ______
non-competitive inhibitor
71
A competitive inhibitor of an enzyme is usually
structurally similar to the substrate
72
In a Lineweaver-Burk Plot, competitive inhibitor shows which of the following effect?
It changes the x-intercept
73
Glycolytic pathway regulation involves
feedback, or product, inhibition by ATP
74
The released energy obtained by oxidation of glucose is stored as
ATP
75
The enzymes of glycolysis in a eukaryotic cell are located in the
cytosol
76
ATP is from which general category of molecules?
Nucleotides
77
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
78
Sports physiologists wanted to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles were functioning anaerobically. They could do this by checking for a buildup of which of the following compounds?
lactate
79
Coenzyme Q is involved in electron transport as
a lipid-soluble electron carrier
80
During glycolysis, electrons removed from glucose are passed to
NAD+
81
FAD is reduced to FADH2 during
Krebs cycle
82
Almost all of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in breathing is converted to:
water
83
The carbon dioxide is primary a product of
krebs cycle
84
Cellular respiration takes place mostly in:
mitochondria
85
Which of the following is not present during the TCA cycle?
O2
86
Which of the following is an aerobic product of pyruvate catabolic metabolism?
ethanol
87
The Krebs Cycle begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolsis enters the
mitochondrion
88
The main purpose of the electron transport chain is to:
Use high energy electrons from other cycles to convert ADP into ATP
89
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
mitochondrial inner membrane
90
The ATP synthase responsible for most of the ATP synthesis in the body is located:
On the inner side of the inner mitochondria membrane
91
Hydrolysis of a triglyceride produces
fatty acids and glycerol
92
The site of amino acid catabolism is the:
liver
93
The first step in the catabolism of most amino acids is
Removal of the amino group
94
A glucogenic amino acid is one which is degraded to
pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediates
95
Transamination is the process where
α-amino group is removed from the amino acid to a keto acid
96
Both strands of DNA serve as templates concurrently in
replication
97
Which of the following repairs nicked DNA by forming a phosphodiester bond between adjacent nucleotides?
DNA ligase
98
During which of the following process a new copy of a DNA molecule is precisely synthesized?
replication
99
Which of the following enzyme adds complementary bases during replication?
polymerase
100
Which of the following enzymes unwind short stretches of DNA helix immediately ahead of a replication fork?
helicases
101
Which DNA polymerase removes RNA primers in DNA synthesis?
Polymerase I
102
Enzyme, responsible for proofreading base pairing is
DNA Polymerase
103
The synthesis of DNA by DNA polymerase occurs in the
5' to 3' direction
104
The 5' and 3' numbers are related to the
carbon number in sugar
105
Which of the following enzyme is used for synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA?
RNA polymerase
106
Recognition/binding site of RNA polymerase is called
promoter
107
The site of protein synthesis is
ribosome
108
The structure in a bacterium that indicates an active site for protein synthesis is
a polysome.
109
During the process of translation
the peptide is ‘passed’ from the tRNA in the P-site to the tRNA in the A-site
110
The nucleolus of the nucleus is the site where:
rRNA is transcribed and ribosomal subunits are assembled
111
The ribosomes are composed of
proteins and RNA
112
In the genetic code there are:
more codons than amino acids
113
the anticodon of tRNA
binds to an mRNA codon
114
On the ribosome, mRNA binds
to the small subunit
115
Ribosomes select the correct tRNAs
solely on the basis of their anticodons
116
Which of the following amino acid starts all proteins synthesis?
Methionine
