1
Q
What’s a physiological factor
A
One that acts on your living body and therefore effects you physically
2
Q
Name some physical effects age has on the body
A
- Flexibility decreases
- Oxygen carrying capacity decreases
- Reaction time decreases
- Injuries become more common
- Strength increases then decreases
3
Q
why do we have age divisions
A
So gifted children can play in a category above them, size of the pitch changes as well as speed and strength increasing
4
Q
Name the 4 types of disability
A
Physical, mental, permanent and temporary
5
Q
Example of an adapted sport
A
Wheelchair basketball
6
Q
Example of adapted equipment
A
Bells inside footballs for blind players
7
Q
Examples of provisions for the disabled
A
- Wider parking bays
- disabled toilets
- wider doors
- specific sports put on
- ramps
8
Q
Name some gender differences
A
- women tend to have a smaller heart and lungs
- women have an average of 30% more body fat
- women are more flexible
- men are taller, stronger and faster
- women are more effected by hormonal changes
9
Q
Define culture
A
The ideas, customs and social behaviour of a particular society
10
Q
Describe the ways a culture of a particular society might influence levels of participations
A
- Dress codes for certain religions may limit the sports their followers can partake in
- Dietary Guidelines in some religions may prevent a participant from training E.g. Fasting during Ramadan would prevent someone from training due to a lack of energy
11
Q
What’s a somatotype
A
It’s a specific body type: endomorph, ectomorph and mesomorph
12
Q
Describe an endomorph and the sports they would be best at
A
-Wide hips
-Narrow shoulders
-Lots of fats
-Some muscle
They’d be good at shot-put, wrestling and weight lifting
13
Q
Describe an ectomorph and the sports they would be best at
A
-Narrow hips and shoulders
-Thin arms and legs
-Minimal muscle
-Little body fat
They’d be good at long distance running, high jump and basketball
14
Q
Describe a mesomorph and the sports they would be best at
A
-Wide shoulders
-Narrow hips
-Heavily muscled
-Low body fat
They’d be good at swimming and sprinting
15
Q
How does weather effect participation
A
If it’s too wet, the pitch may be too slippery. If it’s too windy, the ball may be taken away. If it’s too hot, dehydration and heat stroke may effect participation and if it’s too foggy and dark, what’s going on won’t be as clear to see. Also cross country can’t happen on a frozen pitch
16
Q
How does pollution effect participation
A
Severe air pollution is a serous health risk so sport must be played indoors
17
Q
How does altitude effect participation
A
If you regularly train at a high altitude, it will increase your oxygen carrying capacity. However some will find it harder to breathe, their immune systems will weaken and blood can become thicker, slowing blood flow
18
Q
How does Humidity effect participation
A
It can result in dehydration and over heating/heat stroke
19
Q
How does location affect participation
A
If a facility is in a rural area less people will access it because there’s less transport routes, people won’t have heard of it and there’s public transport so you’d have to take your own car which you will have to attend to
20
Q
How does terrain effect participation
A
Some terrain may be hard o access but suitable for activities such as cycling and skiing
21
Q
Name a challenging activity and state why it’s challenging
A
Rock Climbing is challenging because of the steepness, danger, altitude and surface
22
Q
Examples of risk control
A
- Organisers and officials know all the rules
- First aid and emergency procedures are put on place
- everyone is wearing the correct equipment with no jewellery and hair tied back
23
Q
Describe leisure activities
A
They’re low intensity and don’t require lots of energy to be able to do E.g. Bowls and running
24
Q
Describe competitive type activities
A
To be able to take part performers need to train regularly and practice with high level of intensity E.g. hockey and football
25
Describe socio-economic factors
They combine two different factors
-the social class of an individual
-the amount of income and individual earns
Someone with better finances will be able to do activities which require expensive equipment whereas someone with poor finances will not have those opportunities available to them. Sports which need a lot of time for practise may not be available to people who can't afford much leisure time
26
Define amateur
Someone who takes part in a sport as a hobby and doesn't get paid for doing it
27
Define Professional
Someone who takes part in sport and gets paid to do it as there job
28
What is a funding stream
It's any form of funding a performer is able to obtain. It could be the local authorities giving you free access to the pool or funding from the national lottery
29
What's sponsorship
Where performers receive help from sponsors in the form of money or equipment
30
Define Fatigue
Fatigue is the feeling of extreme mental or physical exhaustion brought on by exertion
31
Name the effects of fatigue
- Lack of concentration and focus
- Skill level decreases
- Lack of motivation
- More likely for injuries to happen
32
Define stress
Stress is the bodies reaction to a demand which requires a physical, mental or emotional adjustment or response
33
Define Motivation
Your drive to succeed and desire and energy to achieve something
34
Define arousal
The state of readiness of a performer
35
Name some precautions which need to be taken into account so injury doesn't occur
-Correct technique
-Safe practice
-Correct clothing
Correct equipment
-Specific finalised rules
-Good code of conduct
-Warm up and cool down
36
What's an impact injury
Injury caused when any form of contact occurs
37
What's an internal injury
Could be overuse of a muscle, tennis elbow, strains or sprains
38
What's a sprain
A sprain is the over stretching or tearing of a joint or ligament
39
What's a strain
A strain is the over stretching of a muscle
40
What's aerobic exercise and what's it's equation
Low intensity work over a long period of time with the presence of oxygen.
Glucose + Oxygen --> energy + carbon dioxide + water
41
What's anaerobic exercise and what's the equation
High intensity work over a short period of time with a lack of oxygen
Glucose --> energy +Lactic acid
42
List the functions of the blood
- to transport oxygen, glucose and waste products around the body
- to assist in body temperature control
- platelets clot blood
- white blood cells fight disease (pathogens)
43
Explain oxygen debt
During anaerobic exercise the body runs out of sufficient oxygen supplies so lactic acid builds up in working muscles. During recovery oxygen is repaid to the body by breathing deeply and heavily
44
Explain the recovery process
These things happen:
- you breathe lots
- perspiration occurs as a form as temperature control
- an effective cool down also removes lactic acid as well as peeing it out
45
Define the circulatory system
It's the movement of blood around the body
46
Define the Cardiovascular system
It's the circulatory system and the respiratory systems working together
47
Describe the way the heart works
1. Blood enters the right atrium
2. The right atrium pumps blood into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
3. The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs where oxygen is picked up and CO2 is deposited
4. The oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium through the pulmonary vein
5. The left atrium pumps the blood into the left ventricle and the blood then leaves here through the aorta to go to the res of the body
48
Describe the properties of the arteries
These have thick walls and carry oxygenated blood at high pressures away from the heart. They have no valves and their walls are more elastic than the walls of veins
49
Describe the properties of veins
These carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have thinner, less elastic walls than arteries. Veins have valves to ensure the blood doesn't flow backwards as it's under a low pressure
50
Describe the properties of Capillaries
These are microscopic blood vessels which allow carbon dioxide, oxygen and waste products to diffuse through the thin walls
51
Define Leisure
Leisure is the free time you have when you are not working and when you have no other obligations
52
Define Recreation
Recreation is the activities you do during leisure time
53
Explain active leisure
These are active activities people do in their leisure time such as sport and walking
54
Explain passive leisure
These are the things people do in their free time which do not exert much energy such as gardening, reading and watching TV
55
Define Intrinsic reward
Something which gives an individual an internal satisfaction achieved by doing something well
56
Define extrinsic reward
Something done for a particular reward which is clearly visible to others and which can be seen as an achievement
57
Define health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease
58
Define fitness
The capability of the body to meet the daily demands made upon it with some comfort
59
Define general fitness
A level of fitness required for a club standard performer
60
Define specific fitness
A level of fitness required for an international performer
61
State the advantages of a healthy lifestyle
- helps provide levels of strength and stamina needed for everyday life such as walking up stairs
- maintains a basic level of flexibility to allow everyday life to be not in discomfort
- enables an individual to maintain a good level of fitness
62
State some ways to have a healthy lifestyle
- walking/cycling to work
- taking part in active leisure
- eating healthily
- being in a loving and supporting relationship
63
List the effects of exercise
- the breathing rate and heart rate increase
- body temperature increases
- slight reddening of the skin
- tiredness can be felt in muscles
64
List the functions of the of the skeletal system
- support- bones provide a framework to support your body
- protection- bones surround areas which could get damaged easily
- movement- muscles attach to your skeleton and the muscles work by bones contracting and relaxing
- Blood production- Blood cells are made in bone marrow
65
Name and define the 6 types of movement
- Extension- straightening a limb (kicking a ball)
- Flexion- bending a limb (preparing to kick a ball)
- Abduction- taking a limb away from the centre limb (doing a star jump)
- Adduction- Taking a limb away from the centre lone of the body
- Rotation- moving the body in a circular way
- Circumduction- moving a limb in a circle
66
Which movements occur at a ball and socket joint
Abduction and adduction
67
Which movements occur at a hinge socket
Flexion and Extension
68
Where in the body could you find a hinge joint
Knee and elbow
69
What are hinge, pivot and ball and socket joints known as
Freely movable joints
70
Where in the body could you find a pivot joint
In the neck
71
Which movement occurs at a pivot joint
Rotation
72
What's an antagonist
It is the muscle which relaxes to allow movement to happen
73
What's an agonist
It's the prime mover which initially contracts to start a movement
74
Define a ligament
It's a band of fibres that are attached to the bones and link the joints together
75
Define tendons
They are very strong cords which join a muscle to a bone
76
Define a joint
It's where two bones meet
77
Describe antagonistic muscles
These work in pairs where one muscle relaxes and one contracts. The bones are used as levers and other muscles called synergists contract at the same time as the agonist and help keep the bodies position so the agonist works smoothly. An example is the biceps contract and triceps relax to the straighten the arm while the bicep relaxes and triceps' contract to straighten the arm
78
Name the 9 major muscles
-biceps
-triceps
-quadriceps
-hamstrings
-pectorals
-abdominals
-deltoids
-trapezius
latissimus dorsi
79
Name and define the 3 types of strength
- Explosive strength- the muscular strength used in one short sharp movement
- Dynamic strength- the strength an individual needs to sustain their own body weight over a prolonged period of time
- Static strength- The greatest amount of strength that can be applied to an immovable object
80
What is power
It's one short sharp explosive movement combining strength and speed
81
What's speed
It's how long it takes you to cover a certain distance
82
What's strength
It's the amount of force a muscle can exert against a resistance
83
What's Balance
It's the ability to retain the centre of mass of the body above the base of support
84
What's Timing
The ability to coincide movements in relation external forces
85
What's Reaction time
The time taken between a stimulus and the response
86
What's Flexibility
The range of movement at a joint
87
What's Agility
The ability to change the position of the body quickly
88
What's Muscular endurance
The ability of the muscles to maintain and repeat contractions without getting tired
89
What's Cardiovascular endurance
It's exercising the whole body for a period of time
90
What can be used as resistance in weight training
- Free weights
- Machines
- You own body weight
91
What are the advantages of free weights
- They're cheap
| - Lots of exercises can be done with one piece of equipment
92
Define weight training
Lifting resistance to get stronger
93
What are the advantages and disadvantages of weight training
```
Advantages:
- improves muscle toning
- increases muscular endurance
- develops muscle size
- assists recovery after injury
Disadvantages:
-equipment is often very specialised
- for safety you need to have a spotter with you
```
94
What is a set
It's the number of repetitions (blocks of movements) you carry out for a particular activity without stopping E.G. 2 blocks of 6 repetitions
95
What is a repetition
It's the number of times you move a say weight in training, a block of 1
96
Define continuous training
It's of low intensity work without a break for a long period of time
97
What are the advantages and disadvantages of continuous training
```
Advantages:
-easy to do
-doesn't require equipment
-not intense
-specific to an individuals needs
Disadvantages:
-boring/repetitive
it's specific to a type of training and isn't suitable for general training
```
98
What's interval training
It's periods of work with periods of rest/ walking in between
99
What are the advantages and disadvantages of interval training
```
Advantages:
-easy to overload
-can be adapted for all distances
-individuals can train on their own
Disadvantages:
-very intense
-easy to duck out of
```
100
What's circuit training
A number of exercises done in a rotation e.g. 12 exercises
101
What are the advantages and disadvantages of circuit training
```
Advantages:
-little equipment is needed
-easy to overload
-works the whole body
-can be adapted for any sport
-different fitness components can be worked on
-wide range of exercises can be included
-both aerobic and anaerobic work can be included
Disadvantages:
-easy to overwork and get injured
-repetitive
-it takes a long time to set up
-it's difficult to carry out on you own
```
102
What's fartlek training
Training at different speeds (e.g. walking, sprinting and jogging) and on different terrains/surfaces
103
What are the advantages and disadvantages of fartlek training
Advantages:
-it's easy to set up
-specific to peoples need
-it's varied
-excellent for game play because it mirrors it
Disadvantages:
-it's a very specific type of training and not suitable for general training
104
What is a training threshold
It's the point at which the training begins to improve your fitness level
105
What is your aerobic threshold
The point when you enter your aerobic training zone
106
What is your anaerobic threshold
The point when you cross into your anaerobic training zone from your aerobic training zone
107
What are your aerobic and anaerobic training zones
Aerobic training zone= 60-80% of your maximum heart rate
| Anaerobic training zone= 80+% of your maximum heart rate
108
What's your maximum heart rate and how do you find it
It's the highest level of fitness you can attain. You find it subtracting your age from 220
109
Define specificity
A particular type of activity designed to build up or improve certain body systems
110
Define Progression
Gradually and safely increasing the amount of training you do
111
Define Overload
Making your body work harder than normal in order to make it adapt or improve
112
How do you adapt overload
```
By increasing the:
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type
and adding hills
```
113
Define Reversibility
The loss of positive effects created by training due to illness or holiday
114
Define Tedium and how to avoid it
The state or quality of being tedious/wearisome
| You can avoid it by listening to music, having a partner and doing it at different times, places and types
115
What factors increase leisure time
- labour saving devices
- Having flexi hours
- Early retirement
- More people working part time
- Longer education
116
What's the public sector
It's facilities which are run by the government and available to everyone. Their either free or have low costs as they aren't trying to make a profit
117
What's the private sector
It's facilities which are privately owned and the fees are usually quite high because they set out to make a profit like a working business
118
What's etiquette
The unwritten rules or convention of any activity which show sportsmanship and respect to other performers
119
What's the difference between a player and a performer
A player takes part in levels of competition's, teams and opponents and a performer takes part in an activity like dance
120
What are the different roles an individual can become
- player/performer
- official
- coach
- organiser
121
What are carbohydrates jobs, what are the 2 types and where are they stored
They release energy slowly
Simple Carbohydrates= sugar, milk fruit
Complex Carbohydrates= bread, pasta, potatoes
They're stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles which can be used as energy during sport
122
Why are vitamins important and what are the types
They help maintain good health
Vitamin A= found in milk and dairy, it's stored in the body and helps maintain healthy eyes, skin and bones
Vitamin C= water soluble so isn't stored in the body and a lack of it causes scurvy
Vitamin D= stored in the body and can be produced by sunlight. A deficiency of it causes rickets
123
Why is water important
It hydrates the body because the body is around 70% water and an average of 2.5 litres of water is lost from our bodies daily
124
What's a High Protein Diet and Carbohydrates-Loading
High Protein Diet
Diet made up of lots of proteins and a reduced intake of carbohydrates and fats. However it's linked to kidney problems. It's aimed at body builders/weight lifters to build muscle and lose fat
Carbohydrates-Loading
Eating foods high in starch to increase carbohydrate reserves in muscles. For endurance athletes it's a way of preparing themselves for an event so their energy levels increase
125
Why are fats important and what types are there
They're used for energy in low intensity work, help insulate the body, keep a constant body temperature and protect major organs from damage. They're found in oils, butter and cheese.
The amount of fats you eat need to be controlled because too many can cause weight gain
The types are saturates, mono-unsaturates and polyunsaturates
126
Where are proteins obtained ad what's their purpose
```
They're needed for growth and repair
Animal Proteins (1st class proteins) = fish, chicken and red meat
Vegetable proteins (2nd class proteins) = beans, grains and foods produced from animal products e.g. milk and cheese
```
127
Why are minerals important and what types are there
They're essential for health, bone and connective tissue formation
Iodine= needed for hormone function, notably from the thyroid gland
Iron= needed for the transport of oxygen by red blood cells
Calcium= you get it from milk and green vegetables. It's needed for strong bones, muscle contraction and relaxation, blood clotting and nerve function
128
What makes up the National Healthy Schools Programme
Personal, social and health education (PSHE), Healthy eating, Physical activity and Emotional, health well-being/pastoral support
129
Why do schools promote physical education
- to encourage a healthy active lifestyle
- to help students develop skills
- to improve knowledge about fitness
130
What does PSHE cover
- sex and relationship education
- drug education
- provides knowledge for life decisions
131
What does healthy eating include
- being aware of what a balanced diet is
- knowledge of different food types and the nutrients they contain
- informing one on the problems that can occur from an unbalanced diet
- healthy snacks and drinks must be provided during the school day
132
What does emotion, health and well-being/pastoral system include
- supporting vulnerable individuals
- setting out a clear bullying policy
- establishes behaviour and reward policies
- set up a pastoral support system for students
133
What's the difference between participation and performance
Participation is when people generally play for fun and performance is playing your hardest because of a competition or a want to win
134
What's Sport England what's its aims
It's a government policy with 4 main aims:
- Increase participation
- Provide funding
- Identify priority groups
- Increase the number of young people partaking in sport and not stopping when they leave school
135
Where does Sport England use it's funding
- for facility development
- for schools buying equipment
- community school clubs
136
What are the main roles of the National Governing Bodies
- manage competitions
- select international teams
- discipline players/coaches
- train officials
- rule changes
- increase participation
- recognise and train talent
- organise international competitions
137
What's the aim of the Youth Sports Trust
To change young people's lives through sport- get them out of bad situations- crime
138
Give examples of the Youth Sport Trust
- Level 3 Bath Games
- Learning leaders
- leadership academy
- young ambassadors
139
Name some programmes to engage young people in sport
- bikeability
- change4life
- fit for girls
- school sports clubs
- project ability
- premier league for sport
140
What's the Dame Kelly Homes Trust and what'[s its aims
It was introduced in 2008 due to people's inactivity. It aims to:
- increase participation
- Provide mentors (internationals) to look after talented performers
- Its major initiatives are- sporting champions, Get on Track and Sport for change
141
What's a league
It's when teams are put in various groups and every team plays each, one at home and one away. The top couple tams will get promoted to the next league while the bottom couple of teams will get relegated
142
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a league
Advantages:
-guaranteed number of games
-advanced notice of games
-they cater for large numbers of participants
Disadvantages:
-take a log time to complete
-takes years to work your way up the leagues
-fixture cancellations can lead to fixture congestion at the end of he season
143
What's a knockout
It's where two teams play each other and the winner goes to the next round while the loser is out
144
Define Seeding
The best players/teams are chosen to automatically qualify and are kept apart in the early rounds
145
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a knockout
Advantages:
-they are fairly quick
-easy to organise
-they cater for a large number of participants
Disadvantages
-some teams will only get one game
-only works with a large number of participants
146
What's a ladder competition
A set of players have their names on a list and they can challenge the players above or below them on the ladder in order to take their place if they win. Common in Badminton and Tennis
147
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a ladder
```
Advantages:
-well suited to individual sports
-simple and easy to run
-done with no time restrictions
-competition of a similar standard
Disadvantages:
-progression can be slow
-entry number is quite slow
-unsuitable for team events
```
148
What's a round robin
It's where every team plays every other team- usually only once
149
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a round robin
```
Advantages:
-guaranteed number of games
-one loss doesn't mean exclusion
Disadvantages:
-only suitable for a small number of entry's as lots of games must be played
```
150
What are combination events
Its where bits from all forms of competition are used. For example they could use leagues for a qualifying method and the progress to a knockout stage as the completion reach the final e.g. football world cup
151
What are the advantage and disadvantages of combination events
```
Advantages
-Very large numbers can be accommodated
-no limit on entry numbers
-in the early stages a loss does not mean you are eliminated
Disadvantages:
-takes a long time to complete
```
152
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the media
```
Advantages:
-update information quickly
-educate people
-variety of content
-link to sponsors
-technological advances
Disadvantages:
-pressure in performers
-influenced by director
-if something isn't popular it won't get shown so no one will watch it so it will get less popular
-people may decide it's easier and cheaper to watch from home so don't support the team
```
153
Name 8 types of sponsorship
- money payments
- equipment
- clothing
- accessories
- transport
- training/coaches
- entry fees for competitions
- food
154
What are the benefits of sponsoring for the sponsor
- Advertising= sport is shown by media so people will see your product
- Good image= sport has a healthy and positive image so the product will gain that image too
- Tax relief-= companies can claim back money they provide for sponsorship against the taxes they pay
- Research and Development= new products ate tried out by performers to see how well they work
155
What are the advantages and disadvantages of sponsorship to sport
```
Advantages:
-allows people to concentrate on sport without worrying about finances
-specific sports can be promoted
-competitions can be bigger and better
-image of sport can be increased
Disadvantages:
-dates can be changed to suit sponsors
-clothing and equipment restrictions
-risk of withdrawal from sponsors
-inequality with who gets sponsorship
```
156
Name some safety precautions which must be put in place
- warming up and cooling down
- being in the correct physical state
- training at the correct level for you
- lifting things correctly
- making sure all equipment is safe
- making sure all clothing is safe
- making sure playing area is safe
- making sure the weather is acceptable for the sport
157
Where is science used in sport
- to make equipment with new materials and I the best possible way
- to invent the best materials for clothing
- to create purpose built facilities
158
Where is ICT used in sport
- to record and analyse performances
| - to improve knowledge and performance
159
How is physical education achieved in the national curriculum
- Exam courses
- Core PE
- Extra curricular
- School team
- Clubs
- Outside coaches/visits to external facilities
160
Why do we have the national curriculum for sport
- to keep people active
- to give people variety and balance
- to encourage pupils to be healthy and active
- to show pupils how to be healthy and active
- to provide qualifications for sport-0based jobs
161
What are the activity groups and give examples
-Outwitting opponents- games, boxing
Accurate replication- gymnastics
-Exploring and communicating ideas- dance
-Performing at maximum levels- athletics
-Exercising safely and effectively- aerobics and circuits
-Identifying and Solving problems- mountain climbing and canoeing
162
What's Co-ordination
It's the ability to link all the parts of the movement into one efficient smooth movemet
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