Peacekeeping

Question 1

Boutros-Ghali and Peacekeeping

Answer 1

agenda for peace, hammerskjold

Question 2

What is Peacebuilding v Peacekeeping?

Answer 2

UN peacekeeping is the deployment of military, police, and civilian personnel to help countries transition from conflict to peace by maintaining ceasefires, protecting civilians, and creating a secure environment. UN peacebuilding is a more comprehensive and long-term effort to address the root causes of conflict and build sustainable peace through national capacity development for conflict management, strengthening institutions, and promoting human rights.

Question 3

Parts of the Peacebuilding Architecture

Answer 3

PBCommission, PBSuport Office, PBFund.

Question 4

peacekeeping doesn’t show up in the UN charter) when/how was peacekeeping adopted by the UN?

Answer 4

Peace operations in their current guise are issued
under UN Charter Chapter VI, concerning the pacic settlement of disputes, or under Chapter VII, which
covers threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression—“Chapter Six and Half,” as Dag
Hammarskjöld framed them.

Question 5

3 core principles of UN peacekeeping

Answer 5

Consent of the parties
Requirement: Peacekeeping operations deploy with the consent of the main parties to a conflict, and typically with the host authorities.

Impartiality
Definition: Impartiality means the operation is even-handed and unbiased in its dealings with all parties to a conflict.
Clarification: This is different from neutrality; impartiality does not mean being neutral in the execution of the mandate. For example, a mission with a mandate to protect civilians must act impartially, but not neutrally, if it must intervene to stop an attack on civilians.

Non-use of force
Restriction: Force is only used as a measure of last resort.
Conditions: It is permitted only in self-defense or in defense of the mandate.

Question 6

Agenda for Peace

Answer 6

Boutros-Ghali 1994 report to focus the un on strengthening its role in international peace and security by focusing on four key areas: preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, peacekeeping, and post-conflict peacebuilding.

Question 7

6 prerequisites for success

Answer 7

1. must b a peace to keep
2. viable political process to support (cant replace an actual political process)
3. clear, credible, achievable mandate
4. adequate material resources and capabilities to enforce mandate
5. cooperation of all key parties of dispute
6. political will and support from SC to see it through (parties may make it difficult if they know a P5 is on the fence)

Question 8

issues with peacekeeping

Answer 8

actors accessing cheap destructive technologies (eg small bombs)

actors accessing hate speech online

budgeting and financing

Question 9

Chapter VII mandate (vs vi)

Answer 9

Today, all multidimensional peacekeeping operations have
Chapter VII peace enforcement provisions. The shift from Chapter VI to Chapter VII mandates is not simply
semantic: contemporary Chapter VII missions are authorized to use force most notably to protect civilians,
in self-defense, and in defense of the mandate.

chapter vi: Chapter VI mandates peaceful settlement of disputes, requiring the consent of the parties involved and typically using unarmed or observers.

Question 10

Brahimi Report (2000)

Answer 10

the “Brahimi Report” (2000), advocated comprehensive reform for the DPKO in the
wake of the failed operations of the 1990s

It addressed shortcomings like slow deployment, insufficient resources, and unclear mandates, advocating for stronger military credibility, more robust missions, and better-staffed headquarters.