Pediatrics/ Maternity > Pediatric - GI > Flashcards

Pediatric - GI Flashcards

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1
Q

Mild or severe diarrhea can lead too

A

Dehydration

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2
Q

What is acute diarrhea

A

Sudden increase in frequency and change in consistency of stool

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3
Q

What is acute diarrhea secondary to

A

Infectious agent in the G.I. tract, upper respiratory infection, urinary track infection, anabiotic used or laxative use

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4
Q

When does self resolution of diarrhea occur

A

Less than 14 days if dehydration does not occur

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5
Q

What is chronic diarrhea?

A

Increase in frequency and change of consistency of stools for more than 14 days

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6
Q

What is dehydration

A

Body fluid disturbance when output exceeds intake

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7
Q

Risk factors for diarrhea

A

Flag of normal elimination pattern, lack of clean water, poor hygiene, crowded, living environments, poor sanitation, nutritional definiency

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8
Q

What is Rotavirus

A

Most common cause of diarrhea in children younger than 5

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9
Q

What happens during rotavirus

A

Instead of watery stools
Diarrhea for 5 to 7 days
Vomiting for approximately two days

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10
Q

How do you get rotavirus?

A

Fecal oral transmission

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11
Q

What is the incubation period for Rotavirus

A

48 hours

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12
Q

What is yersinia enertcolitis

A

Bacterial infection

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13
Q

What happens when you get yersinia enertcolitis

A

Mucoid, possibly bloody diarrhea
Abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting

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14
Q

How do you get yersinia enertcolitis

A

Transmission through pets and food

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15
Q

Incubation period for yersinia enertcolitis

A

1-3 weeks

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16
Q

What is escherichia coli

A

Bacterial infection

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17
Q

What happens when you get escherichia coli

A

Watery diarrhea for one to two days followed by abdominal cramping in bloody diarrhea
Could lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome

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18
Q

Incubation period for escherichia coli

A

3-4 days

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19
Q

What is salmonella nontyphodial groups

A

Bacterial infection

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20
Q

What happens when you get salmonella nontyphodial groups

A

Mild to severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, bloody, diarrhea, and fever
Diarrhea can last 2 to 3 weeks
Possible, headache, confusion, seizures
Can lead to meningitis or septicemia

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21
Q

How do you get salmonella nontyphodial groups

A

Person-to-person, undercooked meat and poultry

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22
Q

Incubation period for salmonella nontyphodial groups

A

6-72 hours

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23
Q

What is clostridium diffiicile

A

Bacterial infection
Infection can occur from overgrowth of C. difficile following anabiotic therapy

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24
Q

What happens when you get clostridium diffiicile

A

Mild watery, diarrhea for a few days
Less severe and children than adults

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25
How do you get clostridium diffiicile
Contact with colonized spores
26
What is clostridium botulinum
Bacterial infection
27
What happens when you get clostridium botulinum
Abdominal pain and cramping and diarrhea Possible respiratory or CNS problems
28
How do you getclostridium botulinum
Transmission contaminated food products
29
Incubation period for clostridium botulinum
12 to 26 hours
30
What is shigella groups: Shigellosis
Bacterial infection
31
What happens when you get shigella groups: Shigellosis
Sick appearance Fever, fatigue, and anorexia Cramping abdomen, followed by watery or bloody diarrhea lasting 5 to 10 days
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How do you get shigella groups: Shigellosis
Contaminated, food, or water
33
Incubation period for shigella groups: Shigellosis
1-7 days
34
What is Norwalk like organisms: caliciviruses
Viral infection
35
What happens when you get Norwalk like organisms: caliciviruses
Abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, malaise, watery, diarrhea Last 2 to 3 days
36
How do you get Norwalk like organisms: caliciviruses
Contaminated water
37
Incubation period for Norwalk like organisms: caliciviruses
12-48 hours
38
What is staphylococcus?
Bacterial infection
39
What happens when you have staphylococcus?
Diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting
40
How do you get staphylococcus?
Inadequately cooked or refrigerated food
41
What is the incubation period for staphylococcus?
1-8 hr
42
What is enterobius vermicularis
Pinworm Helminthic infection
43
What happens when you get pinworms?
Peroneal, itching, enuresis sleeplessness, restlessness, and irritability due to itching
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What is the transmission is pinworm?
Fecal oral
45
What is pin worm
Enterobius vermicularis Ingested or inhaled eggs hatch in the upper intestine in mature after mating worms migrated out of the intestine in like eggs eggs can survive 22 to 3 weeks on surfaces
46
What is giardia lamblia:
Parasitic pathogen
47
What happens when you get giardia lamblia:
Children five years or younger Diarrhea, vomiting, anorexia Older children Abdominal cramps intermittent loose malodorous pale greasy stool
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How do you get? giardia lamblia:
 Person-to-person food and animals
49
What does a tape test diagnose?
Enterobius vermicularis :pin worm
50
How do you perform a tape test?
Please transparent tape over the child’s anus at bedtime preferably after child is asleep Caregiver should remove the tape just prior to the child awakening if possible prior to the child toileting her bathing
51
Diagnostic tools for diarrheal agents
Stool sample or stool culture
52
What should the nurse do if a patient has an acute infectious G.I. Issue
Daily weight Avoid rectal temp Monitor I & o
53
In what infectious G.I. issue do you administer antibiotics
Shigella C. difficile G lamblia
54
What a cute infectious G.I. issues. Should you avoid antibiotics
E. coli Salmonella
55
What a cute G.I. infectious disorder should you avoid anti-motility agents
E. coli Salmonella Shigella
56
If a patient is dehydrated, what is the priority nursing action?
Start replacements with oral replacement solution
57
What is oral rehydration therapy and how do you use it?
Start replacement with oral replacement solution of 75 to 90 MEQ of sodium over four hours Give ORS alternatively with intake of other liquids (breast, milk, formula) Replace each diarrheal store with 10 mL per kilogram of ORS
58
What do you use Metronidazole for
C. difficile and g lamblia
59
What do you use mebendazole for
Enterobius vermicularis : pin worms
60
It’s a patient has pinworms. How should the family go about preventing them?
Entire family should be treated at the same time
61
If patient has a cute infectious G.I. issue, what should you educate them on?
Informing child school Child should stay home during incubation. Period. Fruits, carbonated, sodas, caffeine, chicken, or beef broth should be avoided Provide skin care to print skin breakdown
62
If a patient in your house has acute G.I. infectious disorder. What should you be doing?
Change bed linens, and underwear daily for several days Avoid shaking linens Cleanse, toys Avoid undercooked or under refrigerated food Proper hand, hygiene Do not share dishes and utensils, Clip nails and discouraged, nailbiting 
63
What is isotonic dehydration?
Water and sodium are lost in nearly equal amounts Result in hypovolemic shock
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What is hypotonic dehydration?
Electrolyte loss is greater than water loss Water changes from extra cellular fluid to intracellular fluid
65
What is hypertonic dehydration?
Water loss is greater than electrolyte loss Fluid shifts from intracellular to extracellular Check for neurological changes
66
What are manifestations of severe dehydration?
Weight loss greater than 10% Capillary refill greater than four seconds Dry, mucous membranes, tented skin No tearing Sunken anterior fontanelle
67
What is contraindicated in hypertonic dehydration
Rapid fluid replacement is contraindicated because of risk of cerebral edema
68
A nurse is caring for a child who has had watery diarrhea for the past three days which of the following is an action for the nurse to take Offer chicken broth Initiate oral rehydration therapy Start hypertonic IV solution Keep NPO until diarrhea subsides
Initiate oral rehydration therapy
69
A nurse is caring for a child who is suspected to have enterobius vermicularis which of the following action, should the nurse take? Perform a tape test Collect a stool specimen for culture Tess the store for occulut blood  Initiate IV fluids
Perform a tape test
70
The nurse is assessing a child who has rotavirus infection, which of the following are expected findings (select) Fever Vomiting Watery stools Bloody stools Confusion
Fever Vomiting Watery stools
71
A nurse is teaching a group of parents about Salmonella, which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching( select) Incubation period is non-specific It is a bacterial infection Bloody diarrhea is common Transmission can be from house pets Antibiotics are used for treatment
It is a bacterial infection Bloody diarrhea is common Transmission can be from house pets
72
A nurse is teaching a group of caregivers about E. coli which of the following information should the nurse include in the teaching(select) Severe abdominal cramping occurs Watery diarrhea is present for more than five days It can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome It is a foodborne pathogen Antibiotics are given for treatment
Severe abdominal cramping occurs It can lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome It is a foodborne pathogen
73
What is a cleft lip?
Results from the incomplete fusion of the oral cavity during intrauterine life
74
What is a cleft palate?
Result from incomplete fusion of the pallets during interuterine life
75
Risk factor for cleft lip or palate
Other syndromes History, Exposure to alcohol, cigarette smoke, anticonvulsants, retinoids, or steroids during pregnancy Folate deficiency during pregnancy 
76
Expected findings in a cleft lip
Visible separation from the upper lip towards the nose
77
Expected findings in a cleft palate
Physical or palpable opening of the pallet connecting the mouth in the nasal cavity
78
When does a cleft lip repair typically get done
Between 2 to 3 months of age
79
When does a cleft palate repair typically get done
Between 6 to 12 months of age Most require second surgery
80
What are pre-operative nursing actions for a cleft lip or pallet repair
Inspect the lip and palate palpate using Gloved to palpate pellet  Assess ability to suck Observe interaction between Family 🏠 and infant Assess ability to feed
81
For isolated cleft lip what strategies do you give for successful feeding
Encourage breast-feeding Use white bass nipple for bottlefeeding Squeezy infants cheeks together during the feeding to decrease the gap
82
For cleft palate or cleft lip and palate strategies for successful feeding
Possession in the infant upright, well cradling the head during the feeding You specialize bottle with a one-way valve and especially cut nipple Burp the infant frequently Syringe feeding’s can be necessary
83
Post operative, nursing actions of a cleft lip or pallet repair
Keep infant pain-free to decrease crying and stress on repair Assess site for manifestations of crusting bleeding an infection Avoid having the infant suck on a nipple or pacifier Avoid spoons and forks
84
Postoperative nursing actions for just a cleft lip
Monitor integrity of protective device to ensure proper positioning Position the infant on the back and upright Apply elbow restrains to keep the infant from entering the repair site Use water or diluted hydrogen peroxide to clean incision site
85
Postoperative actions for just a cleft palate
Change the infants position frequently to facilitate drainage in breathing Please infant inside lane position Infant usually NPO for four hours, then allowed liquids for only the first 3 to 4 days Avoid placing a straw tongue, depressor hard pacifier in mouth
86
How should you place s feeding an infant, who has ear infection or hearing loss
Feed infant an upright position
87
What is GER
Gastric contents reflux, back up into the esophagus, making esophageal mucosa vulnerable to injury from gastric acid
88
What is GERD
Tissue damage from GER
89
Risk factors for GER
Prematurity, neurological impairment, asthma, cystic fibrosis, cerebral palsy, scoliosis
90
Risk factors for Gerd
Neurological impairment, hiatal, hernia, morbid obesity
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Expected findings for an infant with Gerd
Spitting up or forcefully vomiting Excessive crying Blood in vomit us Arcing of back Stiffening Failure to thrive
92
Expected findings with a child with Gerd
Heartburn Abdominal pain Difficulty swallowing Chronic cough Chest pain
93
Diagnostic procedure for Gerd
Upper G.I. endoscopy
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Nursing care for Gerd
Small, frequent meals Thicken infant formula, Avoid foods that cause reflux Position the child with head elevated after meals Place child supine to sleep rather than prone Administer protein pump, inhibitor, or H2 receptor 
95
What is a Nissan fundoplication
Laparoscopic surgical procedure, that reps the fundus of the stomach around the distal, esophagus to decrease reflux
96
What is hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?
Thickening of the pyloric sphincter, which creates an obstruction Usually occurs in the first few weeks of life
97
Expected, finding in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Vomiting that occurs following a feeding, but can occur after several hours after feeding Projectile vomiting as obstruction worsens Constant hunger Olive shaped mass in right upper quadrant Failure to gain weight
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A patient with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis requires what to get rid of it
Surgery
99
What is a pyloromyotomy
Laparoscopic surgery for hyper trophic pyloric stenosis
100
Preoperative nursing actions for hypertropic pyloric stenosis
NG tube for decompression NPO Daily weight
101
Postoperative nursing actions for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Start clear liquids 4 to 6 hours after surgery advanced breastmilk or formula is tolerate a 24 hours after surgery
102
What is Hirschsprung’s disease
Congenital a ganglionic megacolon Structural anomaly of the G.I. tract caused by lack of ganglionic cells in segments of the colon resulting in decrease motility in mechanical obstruction
103
Expected findings in a newborn with Hirschsprung’s disease
Failure to pass meconium with 24 to 48 hours after birth Vomiting bile Refusal to eat Abdominal distention
104
Expected findings in an infant with Hirschsprung’s disease
Failure to thrive Constipation Vomiting Episodes of diarrhea
105
Expected findings in a child with Hirschsprung’s disease
Under nourished anemic appearance Abdominal distention Visible peristalsis Palpable fecal mass Foul smelling ribbon like stool
106
Diagnostic procedure Hirschsprung’s disease
Recto biopsy to confirm the absence of ganglion cells
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What would the nurse do caring for a patient who has Hirschsprung’s disease
Prepare Family 🏠 for surgery High protein, high, calorie, low fiber, diet
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What happens in surgery of? Hirschsprung’s disease
Removal of the aganglionic section of the bowel Temporary colostomy can be required
109
Preoperative nursing actions for Hirschsprung’s disease
Administer electrolyte in fluid replacement Monitor for enterocolitis Bowel prep with saline enema
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Postoperative, nursing action Hirschsprung’s disease
Provide Foley catheter care Assess bowel sounds Provide ostomy care Observer manifestation of dehydration
111
What is entrocolitis
Inflammation of the bowel
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What do you do if your patient has entercolitis
Excessive abdominal girth Prevent bowel perforation Resolve inflammation
113
What is intussusception?
Proximal segment of the Paul telescopes into a more distal segment, resulting in lymphatic and Venus obstruction, causing edema in the area With progression is, she gave me up and increase mucus into intestine will occur
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What would you find with a patient who has intussusception
Sudden episodic, abdominal pain Screaming, with drawing needs to chest Abdominal mass sausage shaped Stools mixed with blood and mucus that resemble the consistency of red currant jelly
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What do you do for a patient who has intussusception?
NG tube for decompression Air enema Surgery is required for reoccurring cases
116
What is appendicitis?
Inflammation of the appendix Caused from an obstruction of the lumen
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What do you find in a patient who has appendicitis?
Pain in the right lower quadrant Richard abdomen Decreased or absent bowel sounds Shallow breathing Possible, vomiting
118
What will the nurse do for a patient who has purse appendicitis
Prepare for surgery Avoid applying heat to abdomen Avoid enemas or laxatives
119
What kind of surgery do you receive for a non-ruptured appendix
Laparoscopic surgery
120
What kind of surgery do you receive for a ruptured appendix?
Open surgery
121
What does it mean if you have a sudden relief from pain after perforation followed by a diffuse increase in pain
you have peritonitis your appendix burst
122
What is peritonitis?
Inflammation in the peritoneal cavity
123
What is postoperative nursing actions after appendicitis?
Maintain NPO assessed for peritonitis early ambulation
124
What is meckels diverticulum
Complication resulting from failure of the omphalomesentric duct to fuse during the embryonic development
125
What is expected finding in Meckel’s diverticulum
Rectal bleeding, usually painless Abdominal pain Bloody mucus tools
126
What is a therapeutic procedure, for Meckels diverticulum
Surgical removal of the diverticulum
127
What should you watch closely for in Meckel’s diverticulum after surgery
Blood loss and stools G.I. hemorrhage in bowel obstructions can occur
128
A nurse is assessing an infant who has hyper trophic pyloric stenosis, which of the following manifestations with the nurse expect (select) Projectile vomiting Dry, mucous membranes Currant, jelly stools Sausage shaped abdominal mass Constant hunger
Projectile vomiting Dry, mucous membranes Constant hunger
129
A nurse is caring for a child who has Hirschsprung’s disease which of the following action should the nurse take? Encourage high-fiber, low protein, low calorie diet Prepare the family for surgery Place an NG tube for decompression Initiate bedrest
Prepare the family for surgery
130
A nurse is caring for an infant who has just returned from the PACU filing a cleft lip and palate repair which of the following action should the nurse take Remove the packing in the mouth Place the infant in an upright position Offer a pacifier with sucrose Assess the mouth with the tongue blade
Place the infant in an upright position
131
A nurse is caring for a child who has Meckel’s diverticulum which of the following manifestations should the expect (select) Abdominal pain Fever Mucus and blood in stools Vomiting Rapid shallow, breathing
Abdominal pain Mucus and blood in stools
132
A nurse is teaching a parent of an infant about gastrointestinal reflux disease, which of the following should the nurse include in the teaching Offer frequent feedings Thicken formula with rice cereal Use a bottle with one-way valve Position baby upright after feedings Use a wide base nipple for feedings
Offer frequent feedings Thicken formula with rice cereal Position baby upright after feedings
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