Perception

Question 1

Outline the conclusion of Gilchrist and Nesbergs motivation study

Answer 1

Gilchrist and Nesburg suggested that participants who we’re hungry had perceived the images of the food brighter than those who were not hungry. This is because they were more motivated to have the food which made the image brighter and more appealing in their heads.

Question 2

State the IV used in Gilchrist and Nesburg motivation study

Answer 2

Starved of food for 20 hours vs eating normally

Question 3

State the DV used in Gilchrist and Nesburg motivation study

Answer 3

The brightness setting on the projector

Question 4

State the type of experiment used in Gilchrist and Nesburg motivation study

Answer 4

Laboratory experiment

Question 5

State the experimental design used in Gilchrist & Nesburgs’s motivation study

Answer 5

Independent groups

Question 6

Describe any ethical issues in Gilchrist & Nesberg’s motivation study

Answer 6

Physiological and physiological harm from the discomfort of not eating for 20 hours + deception as they thought they were doing a picture matching exercise

Question 7

Give an example of an extraneous variable that could have affected the results in Gilchrist & Nesburg’s motivation study

Answer 7

Participants eyesight- regardless of whether they were starved or not, some participants may have had difficulty readjusting the brightness of the projector if they just had poor eyesight to begin with

Question 8

Outline one strength of Gilchrist & Nesburg’s motivation study

Answer 8

Use of independent groups meant that participants could not see the other condition, which prevented them from guessing the true aim of the study, reducing demand characteristics

Question 9

Outline one weakness of Gilchrist &Nesburg’s motivation study

Answer 9

Ethical issues of psych harm from not eating. Artificial-task that does not represent judgements made in the real world

Question 10

Outline the aim of Bruner & Minturns expectation study

Answer 10

To investigate whether interpretation of an ambiguous figure is influenced by expectation

Question 11

Outline the method of Bruner & Minturn’s expectation study

Answer 11

24 participants were shown the ambiguous figure of “13” in either a number sequence “121314”, or a letters sequence “A13C”. The participants then had to say & draw what they had seen .

Question 12

Outline the results of Bruner & Minturn’s expectation study

Answer 12

Participants in the letters condition reported seeing “B” whereas the participants in the numbers condition reported seeing “13”. Participants were also more likely to draw the same figure in their own handwriting afterwards

Question 13

Outline the conclusion of Bruner & Minturn’s expectation study

Answer 13

Participants used their past experiences of the alphabet or numbers to interpret an ambiguous figure

Question 14

State the IV used in Bruner & Minturn’s expectation study

Answer 14

Whether the participants saw the ambiguous figure in a letters or number sequence

Question 15

State the DV used in Bruner & Minturn’s expectation study

Answer 15

What the participants said they saw, and what they wrote down in their own handwriting

Question 16

State the type of experiment used in Bruner & Minturn’s expectation study

Answer 16

Laboratory experiment

Question 17

State the experimental design used in Bruner & Minturn’s expectation study

Answer 17

Independent groups

Question 18

Give an example of an extraneous variable that could have affected the results in Bruner & Minturn’s expectation study

Answer 18

Participants eyesight- regardless of which sequence the participants saw, they could say/write down the wrong thing if they can’t see their sequence properly

Question 19

Outline the strength of Bruner & Minturn’s expectation study

Answer 19

Highly controlled lan experiment by controlling how long they saw their sequence for // use of independent groups so they couldn’t see the same figure being used in 2 different sequences

Question 20

Outline the weakness of Bruner & Minturn’s expectation study

Answer 20

Artificial task. ‘13’ was specifically designed to trick people - such tricks are not usually seen in mathematics or literature in the real world. Low external validity.

Question 21

Name the 2 named studies in the perception topic

Answer 21

Gilchrist & Nesburg and Bruner & Minturn’s

Question 22

What is sensation?

Answer 22

Sensation is the information we receive through our senses from the environment. It is the objective feeling of stimuli.

Question 23

What is perception?

Answer 23

Perception is the subjective interpretation and organization of sensory information by the brain. It is personal and based on past experiences.

Question 24

What is an example of perception affecting recognition?

Answer 24

Face Blindness is an example where people have the same sensations when looking at a face, but some cannot recognize the facial features due to perceptual difficulties.

Example: Face Blindness

Question 25

What are visual cues?

Answer 25

Visual cues are aspects of our environment, such as movement, that give us clues about the spatial relationships between objects.

Question 26

What are visual constancies?

Answer 26

Visual constancies are our ability to understand that an object remains the same, even if our visual sensation of it is slightly different.

Question 27

What is the height in plane monocular depth cue?

Answer 27

Objects higher in the visual field are perceived as being further away.

Question 28

What is the relative size monocular depth cue?

Answer 28

When objects you know are the same size appear different, the smaller one is perceived as being further away.

Question 29

What is linear perspective in monocular depth cues?

Answer 29

Parallel lines appear to converge the further you look out.

Question 30

What is size constancy?

Answer 30

Size constancy is the understanding that when an object moves closer, it does not actually get bigger; it is just moving towards us.

Question 31

What is misinterpreted depth cues?

Answer 31

Misinterpreted depth cues occur when we perceive distance that is not actually there, causing us to incorrectly scale objects. ## Footnote Link to illusions: Ponzo Illusion, Müller-Lyer Illusion

Question 32

What is ambiguity in perception?

Answer 32

Ambiguity occurs when there are two or more interpretations of a figure, and we can only focus on one at a time. ## Footnote Link to illusions: Necker Cube, Rubin's Vase

Question 33

What is occlusion in binocular depth cues?

Answer 33

Occlusion is when objects that are behind or blocked by other objects are perceived as being further away.

Question 34

What is retinal disparity?

Answer 34

Retinal disparity is the difference between the images seen by our two eyes, which helps perceive depth.

Question 35

What is convergence in binocular depth cues?

Answer 35

Convergence occurs when our eyes come together to focus on an object that is near, indicating depth.

Question 36

What is perceptual set?

Answer 36

Perceptual set is a tendency to notice or prefer certain aspects of the sensory environment while ignoring others.

Question 37

How does culture affect perception?

Answer 37

Culture affects perception as our brains become specialized in processing information we experience the most, influenced by our upbringing.

Question 38

How does emotion influence perception?

Answer 38

Emotion can lead us to perceive ambiguous situations in alignment with our current mood, often causing us to take longer to perceive unpleasant things.

Question 39

What did Gilchrist & Nesberg's study find about motivation?

Answer 39

Participants who were starved for 20 hours adjusted the brightness of a food image to be brighter than those who ate normally, indicating they perceived it as more appealing. ## Footnote Named Studies!

Question 40

What did Bruner & Mintum's study find about expectation?

Answer 40

Participants were more likely to report seeing an ambiguous figure in a way that made sense with their number/letter sequence, showing the influence of expectation. ## Footnote Named Studies!

Question 41

What is Gregory's Constructivist Theory of Perception?

Answer 41

Gregory's theory suggests that perception is influenced by past experiences and is an active process, where we fill in gaps based on visual cues.

Question 42

What is Gibson's Direct Theory of Perception?

Answer 42

Gibson's theory posits that perception abilities are innate and that sensation is perception, relying on sufficient information from the optic array.