Performance And Limitations

Question 1

What are the four dynamic forces that act on an airplane?

Answer 1

Lift
Weight
Thrust
Drag

Question 2

What flight condition will result in the sum of the opposing forces being equal?

Answer 2

Straight and level, unaccelerated flight

Question 3

What is an air foil?

Answer 3

A part on the plane which gets a useful reaction from air moving over its surface

Question 4

What are some examples of airfoils?

Answer 4

Wings, horizontal, stabilizer, propeller

Question 5

What is relative wind?

Answer 5

The direction of the airflow over the wing

Question 6

What is the angle of attack?

Answer 6

The angle between the wing cord line and the direction of the relative wind

Question 7

What is Bernoulli‘s principle?

Answer 7

As wind velocity increases pressure decreases

Question 8

What are several factors which will affect both lift and drag?

Answer 8

Shape of the air foil
Angle of attack
Air density

Question 9

What is torque effect? 

Answer 9

It involves Newton‘s third law. As the propeller rotates in One Direction and equal force is trying to rotate the airplane in the opposite direction.

Question 10

What are the four factors that contribute to torque effect?

Answer 10

Torque reaction of the engine and propeller
Gyroscopic effect of the propeller
Corc screwing affect of the propeller slipstream
Asymmetrical loading of the propeller

Question 11

What is centrifugal force?

Answer 11

The equal and opposite reaction of the airplane to the change in direction

Question 12

What is load factor?

Answer 12

How much load an aircraft experiences compared to its normal weight during flight

Question 13

Why is load factor important?

Answer 13

The dangerous overload that is possible for a pilot to impose on the aircraft structure

Increase load factor increases the stalling speed

Question 14

What situations may result in load factors reaching the maximum or being exceeded?

Answer 14

Steep turns

Turbulence/vertical gust

Abrupt control movements at high airspeed

Question 15

What are the different operational categories for aircraft

Answer 15

Normal
Utility
Aerobatic

Question 16

What is maneuvering speed?

Answer 16

The maximum speed in which you can make full abrupt input control without damaging the air plane

Question 17

What is the effect on maneuvering speed of an increase or decrease in weight?

Answer 17

Maneuvering speed increases with an increase in weight and decreases with a decrease in weight

Question 18

Define loss of control in flight (LOC-I)

Answer 18

A significant deviation of an aircraft from the intended flight plan

Question 19

What are situations that might increase the risk of a loss of control in flight accident occurring?

Answer 19

Equipment malfunctions
Distractions
Turbulence

Question 20

What causes an airplane to stall?

Answer 20

Excessive angle of attack

Question 21

What is a spin?

Answer 21

A stall combined with yaw, causing the airplane to descend in a corkscrew like motion

Question 22

What causes a spin?

Answer 22

Exceeding the critical angle of attack while applying excessive or insufficient Rutter

Question 23

When are spins most likely to occur?

Answer 23

Base to final turn
Climb out

Question 24

What procedure should be used to recover from a spin?

Answer 24

Power – reduced to idle
Ailerons – neutral
Rutter - fully opposite
Elevator – forward

Question 25

What causes adverse yaw

Answer 25

Turning to the left, the right wing will produce more left. It will also produce more drag. This drag will want to pull the nose in the opposite direction of the turn.

Question 26

What is ground effect?

Answer 26

The improved performance, the airplane experiences when it is operating near the ground

Question 27

What problems can be caused by ground effect?

Answer 27

Significant floating when trying to land Becoming airborne at a lower than recommended speed when taking off

Question 28

What is empty weight?

Answer 28

The weight of the air frame, engines, all permanently installed equipment, unusable fuel, and undrainable oil

Question 29

What is gross weight?

Answer 29

The maximum allowable weight of both the airplane and its contents

Question 30

What is arm?

Answer 30

The horizontal distance in inches from the datum to the center of gravity of the item

Question 31

What is moment?

Answer 31

The product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm

Question 32

What is center of gravity

Answer 32

The balance point of the aircraft. Where you could suspend the airplane from a string and it would balance perfectly.

Question 33

What is Datum?

Answer 33

An imaginary vertical line from which all measurements of arm are taken

Question 34

What happens to the moment when weight is shifted from one location to another?

Answer 34

As weight is moved forward, the total moment decreases When weight is moved aft, the total moment increases

Question 35

What performance characteristics will be affected when an aircraft has been overloaded

Answer 35

Higher takeoff speed Longer take off run Reduced cruising speed Higher stall speed

Question 36

What effect does a forward center of gravity have on an aircraft flight characteristics?

Answer 36

Higher stall speed Slower cruise speed More stable

Question 37

What effect does a rear word center of gravity have on an aircraft’s flight characteristics?

Answer 37

Lower stall speed Higher cruise speed Less stable

Question 38

What factors affect the performance of an aircraft during takeoff and landings?

Answer 38

Air density Surface wind Weight Runway

Question 39

What is density altitude?

Answer 39

Pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature

Question 40

What factors affect air density?

Answer 40

Altitude Temperature Humidity 

Question 41

Explain the difference between best glide, speed, and minimum sink speed

Answer 41

Best glide speed – the speed that provides the greatest forward distance Minimum sink speed – used to maximize the time that the airplane remains in flight

Question 42

What is useful load?

Answer 42

The weight of the pilot, copilot, passengers, baggage, usable, fuel, and drainable oil

Question 43

What is Vs0?

Answer 43

Stall speed with flaps extended 45 

Question 44

What is Vs1

Answer 44

 stall speed with flaps not being used 50

Question 45

What is Vy?

Answer 45

Best rate of climb 76

Question 46

What is Vx?

Answer 46

Best angle of climb 64 with flaps up 60 with flaps set to 25°

Question 47

What is the Va/Vo?

Answer 47

Maneuvering speed At 2550lbs = 113 At 1634lbs = 89

Question 48

What is Vno?

Answer 48

Maximum structural, cruising speed 125

Question 49

What is Vne?

Answer 49

Never exceed speed 154

Question 50

What is the Vfe?

Answer 50

Maximum flap extension speed 102

Question 51

What is the normal approach to land speed?

Answer 51

66

Question 52

What is the best glide speed for engine out maximum range?

Answer 52

76

Question 53

What is the make and horsepower of the engine?

Answer 53

Lycoming 0–360-A4M Horsepower: 180

Question 54

How many usable gallons of fuel can you carry?

Answer 54

48 gallons

Question 55

Where are the fuel tanks located and what are their capacities?

Answer 55

Located in each wing Each tank contains 25 gallons 

Question 56

What is the octane rating of the fuel used by your aircraft?

Answer 56

100 LL blue 100 green

Question 57

What are the minimum and maximum oil capacities?

Answer 57

Minimum: 2 quarts Maximum: 8 quarts

Question 58

What weight of oil is being used? 

Question 59

What is the maximum oil temperature and pressure?

Answer 59

Maximum oil temp: 245°F Maximum oil, pressure: 115 psi

Question 60

What is the maximum allowable crosswind component for the aircraft?

Answer 60

17 kn