1
Q
Definition of Products That Can Be Sold as Dietary Supplements
A
A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients:
a vitamin,
a mineral,
an herb or other botanical,
an amino acid,
a dietary substance for use by humans to supplement the diet by increasing the total dietary intake, or
a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of any ingredient identified above.
The product must also be intended for ingestion & cannot be advertised for use as a conventional food or as the sole item within a meal or diet.
2
Q
what happened in 1994?
A
Premarket safety evaluations of supplements were no
longer required for products falling within the
DSHEA’s definition of a dietary supplement.
3
Q
Hormones & the Drugs that Mimic Their Effects
A
Anabolic Steroids
* Testosterone Precursors
* Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
* Insulin
* Human Growth Hormone
* Erythropoietin
* β-Adrenergic Agonists
* β-Blockers
4
Q
Describe the Anabolic Androgenic steroids
A
Is testosterone an effective ergogenic aid when it is
administered either orally or through injection? YES BUT IS HAS TO BE ITS DERIVATIVE
* In the 1956 World Games in Moscow
– U.S physician John Ziegler saw Soviet athletes using
testosterone.
* Dr. Ziegler
– Helped develop the anabolic steroid Dianabol as an alternative to testosterone to level the playing field for
Western athletes.
5
Q
Describe the German Democratic Republic (GDR)
A
GDR Government
– Promoted the use of drugs, notably AAS, in high performance
sports.
* GDR Institutions Involved in Systematic Doping:
– Ministry for State Security
– Sports Medical Service
– Medical Academy of the National People’s Army
– Research Institute for Physical Culture & Sports
– Central Doping Control Laboratory
– Academy of Science Institutes
§ Central Institute for Microbiology & Experimental Therapy
§ Institute for Research on Active Agents
– GDR Research Ministry
– VEB Jenapharm
6
Q
who were the individuals involved in Systematic Doping
A
- Athletes
– Physicians
– Scientists
– Sports officials
– Government officials
7
Q
Documentation
-GDR
A
– Top-secret doctoral theses
– Scientific reports
– Progress reports of grants
– Proceedings from symposia of experts
– Reports of physicians & scientists who served as unofficial
collaborators for the Ministry for State Security
8
Q
What are the Major Doping Substances Used
in High Performance Sport of the GDR?
A
Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS)
Substances Stimulating Testosterone Synthesis
Polypeptide Hormones
9
Q
Describe anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS)
A
Oral AAS
* Oral-Turinabol
* Mestanolone
* Dianabol
Injectable AAS
* Testosterone propionate
* Testosterone enanthate
* Nandrolone phenylpropionate
10
Q
Describe some important dates in GDR
A
1966
– An oral AAS was already being abused & administered to male athletes.
* Prior to 1968
– Administered AAS to female athletes in preparation for the 1968
Olympic Games.
* 1974
– GDR organizes & controls systematic doping.
– A final government bill was approved on October 23, 1974, by the
commission for High-Performance Sport.
* After 1974
– Steroid bridging (bridging therapy) was used to avoid detection after the
introduction of in-competition controls.
– In the last weeks before competition, athletes were injected with
testosterone esters of various fatty acid length after ceasing
administration of the readily detectable synthetic AAS
11
Q
What happens in 1976, 1982, 1989, 1990?
A
1976
– Female swimmers won 11 out of 13 events at the Olympic Games in
Montreal.
* 1982
– The Medical Commission of the IOC introduces doping tests for
exogenous testosterone: T:E values > 6.
– GDR Response
* Nasal spray preparations containing testosterone or androstenedione.
* Use of hCG & clomiphen.
* Short fatty acid esters: testosterone propionate & epitestosterone propionate.
* 1989
– Introduction of some out-of-competition controls for doping.
* 1990
– Collapse of the GDR
12
Q
Substances Stimulating
A
Testosterone Synthesis
– Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
– Clomiphen
13
Q
Polypeptide Hormones?
A
– Human growth hormone
14
Q
Designer Anabolic Steroids?
A
Steroids designed in a laboratory to escape detection.
* Involve the modification of the chemical structure of an
existing anabolic steroid, thereby producing a new,
undetectable steroid.
15
Q
Describe October 2003
A
It was reported that many American athletes were tested for a
new designer steroid called tetrahydrogestrinone (THG).
– THG was synthesized by Balco Laboratories of Burlingame,
California, a sports nutrition centre.
– Chemists, coaches, & certain athletes were involved in this
conspiracy.
16
Q
know some of the orally active steroids
and
injectable steroids
A
17
Q
Dosing of Anabolic Steroids
stacking regimen?
A
– typically used by athletes.
– they administer several different drugs simultaneously.
18
Q
Rationale for Stacking
A
The potency of one anabolic agent may be enhanced when it is
consumed simultaneously with another anabolic agent.
Use both oral & injectable compounds.
19
Q
Cyclic pattern of anabolic steroid use:
A
- Pyramid (Step-Up) Pattern
Dosages are steadily increased over several weeks.
– Steps-Down
To reduce the likelihood of negative side effects.
Discontinue drug use or initiate another cycle of different drugs that
may increase endogenous testosterone production
20
Q
average number of agent, cycle of duration, dose admnistered in anabolic steroid regiment
A
Average # of agents
3.1.
Typical Cycle Duration
5 to 10 weeks.
Dose Administered
5 to 29 times greater than physiological replacement doses.
21
Q
What is the administration route for injectable steroids?
A
Subcutaneous
Intravenous
Intramuscular (typical route-in glutes)
22
Q
Which route of anabolic steroid administration is more potent?
A
Injection > Oral.
23
Q
Do the injectable anabolic steroids have different half-lives?
A
Testosterone propionate
Remains in circulation for ~ 1.5 days.
Testosterone buciclate
Remains in circulation for ~ 3 months.
24
Q
Who Uses Anabolic Steroids?
A
Olympic athletes
Professional athletes
Collegiate athletes
High school athletes
Strength athletes
Bodybuilders
Individuals outside organized sport
use steroids to enhance appearance.
25
what is also called reverse anorexia nervosa
muscle dysmorphia
26
muscle dysmorphia refer to
a subset of bodybuilders with an altered self-image
27
Ergogenic Benefits of Anabolic Steroids
Increased muscle mass
Increased muscle strength
Increased athletic performance
28
study done by bhasin et al 1996
Subjects
§ 40 healthy men aged 19-40 years with prior
weight-lifting experience.
– Treatment Groups
§ Testosterone enanthate
– IM injection each week for 10 wks.
§ Placebo
– IM injection each week for 10 wks.
– Weight Training
§ 3 nonconsecutive days/wk for 10 wks.
29
bhasin et al. 1996-testo dose?
Testosterone enanthate dose = 600 mg.
– This dose is 6 times higher than the dose given as replacement therapy in men with lower-than-normal levels of testosterone.
30
strength results in Bhasin et al. 1996?
squat strength 38% > bench press strength 22%
in combination with resistance training and testosterone -> greater strength and muscle mass
placebo: only RT
and then when combined: higher result
there is ergogenic benefit on anabolic steroid
31
The strength gains in strength-trained athletes using anabolic steroids may be _ than those typically observed in similarly trained athletes who are not using anabolic steroids.
2-3 fold higher
32
Psychological Effects of Anabolic Steroids
Increases in aggression.
Hostility
Depression.
Elevations in arousal & self-esteem.
Mania.
Associated with mood swings & psychotic episodes.
Psychosis
may occur in some susceptible individuals.
33
Adverse Effects of Anabolic Steroids -> cardiovascular
Elevated cholesterol & triglycerides
Increased LDL cholesterol
Decreased HDL cholesterol
Elevated blood pressure
Decreased myocardial function
Increased risk of heart attack
Increased risk of stroke
34
adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> endocrine
Gynecomastia in males only
Decreased sperm count
Testicular atrophy
Impotence & transient infertilit
35
adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> genitourinary
Males
Depressed spermatogenesis
Testicular atrophy
Females
Menstrual cycle irregularities
Clitoromegaly
Deepening of voice
Masculinization
Males & Females
Increase in libido
36
adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> musculoskeletal
Premature epiphyseal plate closure
Increased risk of tendon tears
Intramuscular abscess
37
adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> hepatic and dermatological
Dermatological
Acne
Alopecia (Male pattern baldness)
Hepatic
Increased risk of liver tumors & liver damage
38
adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> hepatic and dermatological
Dermatological
Acne
Alopecia (Male pattern baldness)
Hepatic
Increased risk of liver tumors & liver damage
39
Supplement Manufacturer’s Marketing Claims for Prohormones
Improve blood testosterone concentrations.
Increase muscular strength.
Increase muscle mass or size.
Help reduce body fatness.
Improve sexual performance.
40
what are the prohormones?
Structurally similar prohormones:
– 4-Androstenedione
– 4-Androstenediol
– 5-Androstenedione
– 5-Androstenediol
– 19-Nor-4-Androstenedione
– 19-Nor-4-Androstenediol
– Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
41
study by mahesh and greenblatt?
– Examined the effects of oral androstenedione supplementation
in 2 women.
– After ingesting 100 mg of androstenedione, there was a 4- to 7-
fold increase in blood testosterone concentrations in the
women
42
Horton et Tait (1966)
Demonstrated that with intravenous administration of androstenedione & testosterone:
* Women: preferentially convert androstenedione into testosterone.
* Men: preferentially convert testosterone into androstenedione.
43
Studies by Kicman et al. (2003) & Brown et al. (2004):
Demonstrated that blood testosterone concentrations of women
are increased greatly after the oral consumption of 100 & 300 mg
of androstenedione.
– The blood testosterone concentrations observed were similar to
those encountered in the abuse of testosterone for the purpose of
increasing muscle mass & strength
44
some important dates?
December 1996
– It became available for over-the-counter (OTC) sales in the United States.
* Promoted as a natural way to help increase muscle strength & muscle mass.
* Promoted to combat the effects of the aging process in older men.
* 1998
– Use by youngster’s increased 5-fold after a pro baseball player named Mark McGwire admitted
using it.
* March 11, 2004
– The FDA pronounced that dietary supplement products containing androstenedione were
adulterated new dietary ingredients under the DSHEA of 1994.
* Result of the FDA’s Pronouncement
– Retailers, manufacturers, & distributors ceased to sell products containing androstenedione.
* Anabolic Steroid Act of 2004
– The Controlled Substances Act was amended to include androstenedione to the updated list of
schedule III drugs.
45
Describe Prohormone Research Studies Table 1
The majority of studies indicate that
– Acute or chronic oral androstenedione
supplementation at single doses of at least 100 mg
leads to increased androstenedione concentrations
in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, and
older men.
46
Describe Prohormone Research Studies Table 1 suite..
Few studies have shown An increase in the concentration of testosterone in the blood of healthy men after chronic oral androstenedione supplementation.
* Increases in blood testosterone levels have been observed at a
– Multiple 100-mg dose (Brown et al., 2000a).
– Single 300-mg dose (Leder et al., 2000).
* However, the testosterone increases that have been
observed Are moderate.
47
From the Prohormone Research Studies Table 1:
Chronic oral androstenedione supplementation:
resulted in
a significant, yet abnormal, increase in the measured concentration of the estrogens, estrone & estradiol, in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, & older men.
48
Chronic oral androstenedione supplementation: table 2**
has been shown to
decrease the concentration of HDL cholesterol in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, & older men, which effectively increases the risk for cardiovascular disease.
has no effect on body composition, muscle size, & muscle strength in healthy men of various ages.
49
Chronic use of androstenedione may increase the risk of developing the following conditions
Cardiovascular disease,
Impaired liver function,
Gynecomastia (breast growth) in men,
Breast cancer in women,
Pancreatic cancer in men,
Prostate cancer in men.
50
Contamination of Androstenedione Dietary
Supplements:
trace contamination of androstenedione with
19-norandrostenedione is sufficient to cause urine test results
positive for:
– 19-norandrosterone, the major but inactive metabolite of nandrolone.
* IOC cutoffs for 19-norandrosterone:
– Males = 2 ng/mL.
– Females = 5 ng/mL.
Of the 7 brands of androstenedione analyzed at the 1% level:
– 1 contained no androstenedione,
– 1 contained 10 mg of testosterone,
– 4 more contained 90% or less of the amount of androstenedione stated on
the label.
* Therefore, some androstenedione brands were grossly mislabeled.
51
what is human chorionic gonadotropin
is a hormone obtained from the placenta of pregnant women.
is very closely related in structure & function to luteinizing hormone.
52
When are we supposed to use Human chorinic Gonadotropin?
Injected into men can increase testicular testosterone
production.
* Primarily used by athletes who are finishing a cycle of
anabolic steroids.
* Supposed to stabilize the T/E
53
insulin is what
is a potent, anabolic, peptide hormone.
facilitates the uptake of glucose & amino acids into the cell.
increases protein synthesis.
cannot be detected in the urine.
rumored to potentiate the effects of GH & IGFs
54
insulin Possible Outcome in Previously Healthy Athletes
immediate death, coma, or development of insulin-dependent diabetes.
55
Human growth Hormone- until 1986
Only source of HGH was from the pituitary glands
of human cadavers.
56
Human growth Hormone- after 1986
Recombinant HGH (rHGH) became available.
– Commonly used brand names of rHGH:
* Humatrope, Nutropin, Norditropin,
* Genotropin, Serostim, Saizen, Protropin.
57
Functions of HGH
Stimulates bone growth.
Stimulates skeletal muscle growth.
Maintains blood glucose concentration.
Increases the uptake of glucose & amino acids into muscle cells.
Stimulates the release of fatty acids from the fat cells.
58
HGH Replacement Therapy
GH-deficient adults or children.
Increases in lean body tissue.
Decreases in body fat.
59
what does the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) do?
Prohibits the use of HGH both in- and out-of competition.
60
Test to Detect HGH Abuse
was 1st introduced at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.
is a blood test.
->involves the use of immunoassays (antibodies) that preferentially recognize pituitary HGH (pHGH) & recombinant HGH (rHGH).
-> allows the quantification of the 22 kDa isoform that is derived from rHGH.
-> allows the quantification of the other isoforms derived from naturally occurring HGH, pHGH.
when rHGH is administered, the secretion of HGH from the pituitary gland is inhibited:
as a consequence, the ratio of 22 kDa to total GH increases.
this occurs because of an increase in the concentration of the 22 kDa isoform & a reduction in the concentrations of the non-22-kDa isoforms.
61
Route of HGH Administration (2)
Oral
- does not result in any benefit.
- completely metabolized.
Injection
- is absolutely necessary
62
Mediator of HGH Actions
- IGF-I.
- Produced & secreted from the liver in response to GH stimulation.
63
Potential Health Risks of HGH
1. Gigantism
Excessive secretion of GH during childhood.
2. Acromegaly
Excessive secretion of GH, after puberty, once linear growth has ceased.
Widening of bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, & metabolic abnormalities.
64
What are the adverse side-effects for HGH Abuse?
- Diabetes in prone individuals.
– Cardiovascular dysfunction
– Muscle, joint, & bone pain
– Hypertension
– Abnormal growth of organs
– Accelerated osteoarthritis
65
Methods Used to Elevate the O2-Carrying Capacity of the Blood
1. Altitude Training
2. Blood Doping
-> Homologous :Transfusion of blood that has been taken from another person with the same blood type.
-> Autologous :Transfusion of one’s own blood.
-> Erythropoietin (EPO)
66
what is erythropoietin
is a protein hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates the production of new RBCs.
can be produced by recombinant DNA technology.
67
erythropoietin level increase in response to and its uses to treat what
level increases in response to aerobic endurance training.
is used to treat certain types of anemia.
68
effect of Injections of EPO for 6 wks in normal men:
- Elevated hematocrit,
- Elevated of hemoglobin concentration,
- Increased aerobic capacity,
- Improved time to exhaustion,
- Enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity.
69
Primary Risk of EPO
Its lack of predictability
70
health risk of EPO
- Increased blood viscosity.
- Increased risk of blood clotting.
- Increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
- Increased risk of cerebral or pulmonary embolism.
- Elevated systolic blood pressure.
71
What are β-Adrenergic Agonists ?
-> Substances chemically related to epinephrine.
-> Originally developed for the treatment of asthma.
-> are used by athletes as an ergogenic aid to increase lean muscle tissue & reduce subcutaneous fat.
72
what are examples of β-Adrenergic Agonists?
– Clenbuterol, Cimaterol, Ractopamine, Bambuterol, Formoterol, Salbutamol,
& Salmeterol.
73
effect of β-Adrenergic Agonists
have been shown to increase lean mass & decrease stored fat in several animal species & humans with heart failure or muscle-wasting conditions.
74
potential side effect of B-andrenergic agonist
Transient tachycardia, hyperthermia, tremors, dizziness, palpitations, & insomnia.
75
what is B-blocker
are a class of drugs that block β-adrenergic receptors.
prevent the attachment of catecholamines to these receptors.
76
what are generally prescribed to treat a wide variety of CVDs
B-blocker
77
Proposed Ergogenic Benefit
of b-blocker
Reduce anxiety & tremors during performance.
e.g., marksmen, or archers.
Several Studies
– Have shown that they can improve both slow & fast
shooting accuracy.
78
what are some ergolytic effect
Impair CV response to exercise by reducing maximal heart rate, oxygen consumption, & 10 km race time performance.
79
risk of b-blocker
- Bronchospasms
- Heart failure
- Prolonged hypoglycemia
- Bradycardia
- Heart block
- Intermittent claudication
80
what are dietary supplements?
-> Essential Amino Acids (EEAs) & Branched-Chain
Amino Acids (BCAAs)
* β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB)
* Nutritional Muscle Buffers
* L-Carnitine
* Creatine
* Stimulants
81
What are essential amino acids?
-> Isoleucine
* Leucine
* Valine
* Lysine
* Histidine
* Methionine
* Phenylalanine
* Threonine
* Tryptophan
82
The consumption of EAA before & after resistance exercise augments and amount of protein consumption??
muscle protein synthesis in healthy human subjects.
+
6-12 g of EAA, which is equivalent to 10-20 g of a
high quality (complete) protein source
83
Timing of Protein Consumption
- 30 to 60 minutes before exercise, or
- within the first 2 to 3 hours after exercise, or
- both.
84
anabolic response of Consumption of 6 g EAA + 36 g sugar before or after resistance exercise.
The anabolic response was 158% greater when EAA + sugar was consumed 30 min before resistance exercise than when it was consumed after exercise.
85
exemple of Branched-Chain Amino Acids
are isoleucine, leucine, & valine
86
Branched-Chain Amino Acids are responsible for
are responsible for increasing muscle protein synthesis (MPS) & it appears that leucine is the key amino acid for stimulating MPS through increased activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle (see figure on slide 28).
87
Another study done by pasiakos et al 2011 shows confirming result with the increase in muscle protein...Describe
Subjects: Trained males
– Ingested one of two EAA beverages during exercise:
* Leucine-Enriched
– 3.50 g of leucine (46 mg/kg body mass)
* Leucine-Normal
– 1.87 g of leucine (25 mg/kg body mass)
– Mode of exercise: cycling
– Results
* Protein synthesis: Leucine-enriched EAA beverage was significantly
greater than the leucine-normal EAA beverage.
88
what is required for the synthesis of protein & creatine.
conditionally essential amino acid:
arginine
89
what does the metabolism of arginine results in?
production of nitric
oxide
90
nitric oxide is essential for what
increased during exercise and is important for vasodilation
91
Claims Often Attributed to Arginine Supplementation
- Ability to elevate nitric oxide levels
- Increase in muscle blood flow
- Improves exercise performance
BUT'
The scientific evidence does not support
– Any of these claims that are directed to athletes
& physically active individuals
92
What is β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB)?
A derivative of the EAA leucine & leucine’s
metabolite alpha-ketoisocaproate.
* Evidence
– Shows that HMB stimulates protein synthesis & decreases
protein breakdown.
93
what is the limited research for HMB saying?
- Previously untrained subjects.
– 4 to 8 weeks of resistance training.
– The group of subjects using HMB demonstrated significantly
greater improvements in strength & LBM.
94
β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Ergogenic effects
in trained athletes are less conclusive due to the way the studies were designed.
many of the studies were less than 5 wks & they did not use periodized, high-intensity training programs.
95
In a recent study by Wilson et al (2014)
significant improvements in total strength & LBM were observed in
in highly resistance-trained males performing a periodized resistance training program & ingesting a HMB supplement compared to a placebo group using an identical training program
96
Conclusion:
HMB is most effective when
adequate training stimulus is provided.
A high-intensity, high-volume resistance training program is likely needed for benefits to be realized with HMB supplementation in trained athletes, but not untrained individuals.
97
Muscle Buffering Capacity (MBC) and examples?
The ability to regulate H+ concentration in skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise
-> β-Alanine
-> Sodium Bicarbonate
-> Sodium Citrate
98
b-alanine?
-> A nonessential amino acid.
* Has limited ergogenic properties by itself.
* The rate-limiting substrate for carnosine synthesis in muscle cells.
99
what is carnosine and where it is found?
is a dipeptide composed of the non-EAA β-alanine & the EAA histidine.
is found primarily in fast-twitch skeletal muscle.
100
carnosine is estimated to?
to contribute up to 40% of the skeletal
MBC of H+ produced during intense anaerobic
exercise.
101
How can we increase the level of carnosine in skeletal muscle?
and should improve?
* Chronic training,
* β-alanine supplementation, or
* Both
will improve?
-> MBC
-> Anaerobic performance
102
who has a greater carnosine concentration btw sprinter and bodybuilder, marathoner and untrained individual, eldery people
Sprinters & bodybuilders > marathoners, untrained individuals, elderly people.
103
Suzuki et al. 2002 for B-alanine?
Reported a significant positive relationship
between [carnosine] & mean power in a 30-s
maximal sprint on a cycle ergometer
104
What did Hill et al 2007 showed with the use of B-alanine?
- β-Alanine supplementation for 10 weeks
– Male subjects: 19-31 yrs
– Mean carnosine level increased
– Increase in total work done during cycle ergometry
105
Describe Stout et al. 2006?study with B-Alanine
- β-Alanine supplementation for 28 days
– Untrained young men
– Significant increase in physical working capacity at
fatigue threshold (PWCFT)
106
what does the review for B-alanine do? Review by Artioli at al. (2010)
– β-Alanine ingestion is capable of improving
performance in exercises that produce an extreme
level of acidosis in the muscles:
* Multiple bouts of high-intensity exercises > 60 s, &
* Single bouts of exercise when fatigue is already present
107
adverse effect of b-alanine
-> Amounts of β-Alanine ingestion range from 2.4 to 6.4 g/day, which are divided into 2-to-4 smaller doses.
-> Paresthesia (tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin) may occur if a high, acute dose is consumed
108
T/F sodium bicarbonate is an antacid
T
109
Supplementation of sodium bicarbonate has been shown to?
- Increase blood pH
– Improve MBC
– Improve high-intensity exercise performance
110
what are the doses of sodium bicarbonate? and what are they related to?
-> 0.3 g/kg or 136 mg/lb mass ingested approximately
60 to 90 min before activity:
Improves short-duration, high-intensity exercise performance.
– > 0.3 g/kg
(136 mg/lb mass)
Side effects = diarrhea, cramping, nausea, & vomiting.
-> 0.2 g/kg (90 mg/lb body mass)
-Does not improve exercise performance.
-Reduces side effects.
111
Describe Sodium Citrate
-> Not actually a base.
-> Can increase blood pH without GI distress.
Belief
– SC breaks down into bicarbonate once in the blood.
Based on available research:
– SC supplementation does not appear to have
ergogenic effects on short-duration, high-intensity
exercise.
Doses
– 0.4 to 0.6 g/kg body mass have the potential to cause
GI distress.
112
L-carnitite is responsible for?
is synthesized from?
the transport of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) from the cytosol into the mitochondria to be oxidized for energy.
Synthesized from the EAAs lysine & methionine.
113
what is the Dietary Supplement Manufacturer saying about the use of L-cartinine?
claims that it enhances exercise performance by increasing fat utilization & sparing muscle glycogen.
markets it as a fat burner or fat reducer.
114
what are the studies saying about L-cartinine?
Its role as an ergogenic aid for increasing lipid oxidation
have not shown clear efficacy.
* Several studies
– Have suggested that it may enhance recovery from
exercise
115
purpose mechanic of l-carnitine
-Enhanced vasodilation reduces the magnitude of exercise-induced hypoxia.
-Upregulation of androgen receptors.
-Increased IGF-I binding proteins.
116
what is creatine formed of?
Composed of the AAs
– Methionine, arginine, & glycine.
117
source of creatine
1. Endogenous
is synthesized primarily by the liver, but also in smaller amounts in the kidneys, & pancreas.
2.Exogenous
Dietary sources = meat & fish.
118
where does creatine is stored
Skeletal muscle: 98%; where 40% is C & 60% is CP
heart, brain testes
119
Importance of Creatine for Exercise
- is part of the immediate energy system.
- especially important during short-duration, high-intensity exercise.
- a substrate for the formation of ATP.
120
ability to rephosphorylate ADP depends on:
Creatine kinase, &
CP stored in muscle.
121
Primary mechanism leading to fatigue during high-intensity exercise:
depletion of muscle CP
122
Creatine supplementation
Increases the creatine content of muscles:
– By approximately 20%.
* Saturation limit for creatine in muscle:
– 150-160 mmol/kg dry weight.
* Typical Cr Supplementation Regimen:
– Loading Dose
§ 20-25 g/day for 5 days or 0.3 g/kg body mass
– Maintenance Dose
§ 2 g/day or 0.03 g/kg body mass
123
Ergogenic Benefits of Creatine
- Increases strength
in bench press, squat, & power clean performed by trained athletes.
- May improve training in experienced strength athletes by
-> reducing fatigue.
-> enhancing post-workout recovery
significant improvements in jump and power
- With 28-84 days of Cr supplementation.
– Not with 3-5 days of Cr supplementation
124
effect of prolonged creatine
increases body weight:
-> appears to be primarily related to an increase in fat-free mass.
-> is believed to be partly related to an increase in total body water.
125
what are the studies done by hoffman et al 2006 showed for benefits of creatine ?
american football players
creatine and Beta alanine vs
only creatine had the same increasing effect in increasing 1 RM squat
compared to placebo
126
follwoing creatine supplementaiton?
increase in performance for
- Max power/strength
- Max effort muscle contractions
- Repetitive sprint performance
almost nothing in single effort sprint performance
127
Creatine supplementation during training
is typically a 1- to 4.5 lb greater increase in BM or FFM over several weeks to several months.
128
Adverse Effects of Creatine
- Increase in body mass
is an unwanted side effect for some athletes.
GI, CV, & muscular problems.
e.g., gas, mild diarrhea, & muscle cramps.
129
effect of stimulant
Reduced fatigue
Increased alertness
Increased confidence
Euphoria
130
Long term effects of creatine?
Renal dysfunction has never been reported
for either short-term or long-term use.
131
exemple of stimulant
Caffeine
Ephedrine
Citrus Aurantium
132
Describe Caffeine
A CNS stimulant.
* Popular among both endurance &
resistance training athletes
133
Ergogenic advantage is conferred? for stimulants
when used at the time of the competition.
134
Proposed Mechanism of caffein for Prolonged Aerobic Endurance Exercise
Increase in fat oxidation through the mobilization of FFAs from adipose tissue or intramuscular fat stores.
135
Proposed Mechanism for Improved Anaerobic Performance
During short-duration, high-intensity exercise.
Enhanced power production:
Enhanced excitation-contraction coupling, which affects neuromuscular transmission & mobilization of intracellular calcium ions from the SR.
136
Efficacy of Caffeine- improves aerobic endurance performance
- Improvement in time to exhaustion during cycling at 80% VO2 max:
75 to 96 minutes.
– Doses: 3 to 9 mg/kg.
137
how many caffein can we take before being at Greater risk for side effects?
Caffeine intake > 9 mg/kg.
138
Efficacy of caffeine:
improved aerobic endurance performance
1. Food Source
-> Coffee
2. Anhydrous Caffeine
-> Caffeine tablets
3. Caffeine tablets > Coffee
139
side effects of caffein:
Anxiety
Gastrointestinal disturbances
Restlessness
Insomnia
Tremors
Heart arrhythmias
Diuretic
Increases the risk for heat illness
Physically addictive
Withdrawal symptoms
140
withdrawal symptom of caffein
Headache
Fatigue
Dysphoric mood
Difficulty concentrating
Flu-like somatic symptoms
141
caffeine overdose
Lethal dose
Typically in excess of 5 g of caffeine
About 42 cups of coffee at 120 mg of caffeine per cup
More than twenty-five 200-mg tablets of caffeine
142
most common ingredients in commercially available energy drinks
– Caffeine
– Carbohydrates
– B vitamins
– Tyrosine
– Gingko biloba
143
what is the primary ergogenic nutrients in energy drinks?
– Caffeine and carbohydrate
144
Preworkout Energy Drinks efficacy
-> Effective for increasing resistance training volume performance.
-> Not effective with other types of anaerobic exercise including Wingate tests & speed/agility performance.
-> Improves cardiorespiratory endurance exercise performance.
improve cycling & running performance in trained cyclists & recreationally active individuals who consumed energy drinks containing about 2 mg of caffeine/kg body mass within an hour before exercise,
145
what is ephedrine
is a β-agonist or sympathomimetic.
is thought to possess a strong thermogenic effect.
is used by athletes to reduce body fat.
is often used as a stacking agent with caffeine.
is believed to increase fat oxidation & spare muscle glycogen.
146
what does Citrus Aurantium + Caffeine or Other Herbal Products improve?
– Significant improvements in time to fatigue
147
what are the adverse effects of preworkout energy drinks?
Due to the presence of caffeine, the same potential
adverse effects that exist for caffeine also exist for
energy drinks.
– Most energy drinks contain only moderate amounts of
caffeine, typically less than 300 mg
148
adverse effect of preworkout
Due to the presence of caffeine, the same potential adverse effects that exist for caffeine also exist for energy drinks.
Most energy drinks contain only moderate amounts of caffeine, typically less than 300 mg.
149
efficacy of ephedrine
is effective only when it is combined with caffeine:
improves aerobic endurance performance.
150
side effect of ephedrine
Side Effects
vomiting & nausea with 5 mg/kg caffeine + 1 mg/kg ephedrine, but not with 4 mg/kg caffeine + 0.8 mg/kg ephedrine
151
side effects for ephedra-containing dietary supplements or ephedrine + caffeine
Nausea
Vomiting
Psychiatric symptoms
-> Anxiety & mood change
Autonomic hyperactivity
Palpitations
Death.
152
What is Ephedra?
what happened in April 2004
Ephedra
– Also called ma huang.
– Contains ephedrine.
April 2004
* FDA banned all products containing ephedra except for
medicines.
* Based on the Rand Institutes report indicating 16,000 adverse effects.
153
what is citrus aurantium
is from a fruit known as “bitter orange.”
is a mild stimulant.
is often used as an Asian herbal medicine to treat digestive problems.
is thought to contribute to:
appetite suppression,
increased metabolic rate, &
lipolysis.
contains synephrine.
154
what is synephrine
is a sympathomimetic agent.
is thought to stimulate:
β-3 adrenergic receptors
increases lipolysis.
Peripheral -1 adrenergic receptors
results in vasoconstriction & elevations in blood pressure.
155
health risk of EPO
Increased blood viscosity.
Increased risk of blood clotting.
Increased risk of heart attack or stroke.
Increased risk of cerebral or pulmonary embolism.
Elevated systolic blood pressure.
EXCI 352
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
-
CHAP 2112
-
Need analysis64
-
periodization140
-
principle of test selection and administration59
-
administration, scoring and interpretation of selected test75
-
warm-up and flexibility81
-
exercise technique for free weight and machine training50
-
PLYOMETRIC TRAINING99
-
SPEED & AGILITY177
-
ANAEROBIC TRAINING57
-
ENDOCRINE RESPONSES TO RESISTANCE EXERCISE73
-
PROGRAMME DESIGN FOR RESISTANCE TRAINING92
-
AEROBIC ENDURANCE TRAINING114
-
PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING SUBSTANCE155
-
Regulation of skeletal muscle mss41
