PSY 1102 > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Assumes certain biological factors and processes serve to influence the underlying operation and expression of personality

A

Biological Perspectives

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2
Q

Examines the degree to which contributions from certain inherited biological factors interact with environmental factors to determine the expression of certain personality characteristics in different groups

A

Behavioural Genetics Perspective

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3
Q

Most common methods used to estimate genetic contribution

A

Twin Studies (Monozygotic versus Dyzygotic)

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4
Q

Examines the extent to which various physiological factors and brain activity determine the expression of certain personality characteristics.

A

Physiological Perspective

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5
Q

Have the exact same genetic makeup (100%); one egg (ovum) is released and fertilized by one sperm, which subsequently divides into two separate cells, and two zygotes develop into…

A

Monozygotic / Identical

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6
Q

Develop from two separate fertilized eggs and are no more alike in their genetic structure than any other pair of siblings (50% shared genetic data)

A

Dizygotic / Fraternal

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7
Q

The degree to which a characteristic, trait, or disease that occurs in one twin similarly occurs in the second twin and use of the correlation coefficient

A

Concordance Rate

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8
Q

The amount of variability in personality measures that can be accounted for by a genetic contribution

A

Heredity

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9
Q

Examines the extent to which various physiological factors (e.g., hormones and neurotransmitters) and brain activity (e.g., arousal and inhibition) determine the expression of certain personality characteristics

A

Neurological Perspective

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10
Q

A male sex hormone associated with dominance, aggression, and persistence

A

Testosterone

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11
Q

A neurotransmitter associated with mood, anxiety, appetite and digestion, sleeping, and other functions. Levels have also been linked to a willingness to engage in thrill-seeking behaviors, which is considered a personality trait

A

Seratonin

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12
Q

Tend to exhibit a larger pattern of arousal in the brain in response to a new stimulus but a much faster reduction in arousal to that same stimulus when experiencing it again and again over time

A

High-Sensation Seekers

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13
Q

Network of structures in the midbrain that acts as a filter, is responsible for regulating arousal in the brain, and is linked with the personality dimension of introversion and extraversion

A

Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS)

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14
Q

What type of person tends to have a level of cortical activity that is higher than average (socially withdrawn)?

A

Introverts

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15
Q

Uses evolutionary theory to account for differences in personality arguing that these differences are adaptive responses to the two fundamental challenges of evolution: survival and reproductive success

A

Evolutionary Perspective

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16
Q

Individuals demonstrating the ___________ pattern of hostility tend to suppress their feelings of emotional distress, frustration, and anger, thereby increasing the effects of these emotions on their overall health, which can often lead to abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs to seek comfort

A

Type A

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17
Q

Individuals exhibiting ________ tend to be overly moody, unstable, and anxious, which contribute to a general state of hyperarousal and tension.

A

Neurotism

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18
Q

Those for whom reproduction is possible but rates of reproductive success are low

A

Functionally Infertile Individuals (FII)

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19
Q

Subfield of psychology that attempts to account for individual differences in thinking, feeling, and behaving at various levels of analysis that range from the biological level to the group level

A

Personality Psychology

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20
Q

An enduring set of internally based characteristics that create uniqueness and consistency in a person’s thoughts and behaviors

A

Personality

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21
Q

The three distinct elements of personality are…

A

1) Uniqueness
2) Consistency
3) Explanation

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22
Q

Personality explains how the expression of each individual’s thoughts and behaviour are different

A

Uniqueness

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23
Q

Personality describes how the behaviour of the individual is consistent over time and across situations

A

Consistency

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24
Q

Personality accounts for the internal operations producing the unique and consistent expression of an individuals thoughts or behaviours

A

Processes

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25
The Freudian notion that personality is a function of internal processes and conflicts over which individuals have little or no conscious awareness or personal control
Psychodynamic Perspective
26
Clinical neurologist who focused on the notion that early childhood sexual trauma was the source of hysteria and etiology of neuroses
Sigmund Freud
27
Freud’s iceberg consists of…
1) Conscious mind (tip) 2) Preconscious mind (both above and under the water) 3) Unconscious mind (fully submerged)
28
All mental activities that a person is aware of and able to freely access
Conscious Mind
29
A level of consciousness that is not in the forefront of one's thoughts; however, information can be retrieved and brought to conscious awareness
Preconscious Mind
30
The largest and most influential part of the mind, according to Freud; houses any thoughts or impulses that are considered too threatening to be in one's conscious mind
Unconscious Mind
31
Freud employed ________ to relax the mind and gain access to content of the unconscious
Hypnosis
32
A technique of psychoanalysis in which a client is encouraged to freely share thoughts, words, and anything else that comes to mind in order to gain insight into their unconscious thoughts, behaviors, and motivations
Free Asscosiation
33
In dream analysis, the actual content of the dream that the dreamer remembers without any interpretation
Manifest Content
34
The content of dreams that is expressions of the unconscious mind and a reflection of one's true feelings, needs, and desires
Latent Content
35
A core component of personality in the unconscious that is driven by sexual and aggressive impulses
Id
36
The component of personality that mediates between the id and superego and ultimately decides the course of action
Ego
37
One's moral compass of what is right and what is wrong; this is learned from parents, teachers, religious leaders, etc.
Superego
38
The driving force of the id, where the focus is on the fulfillment of sexual urges and aggressive impulses
Pleasure Principle
39
The world in which the ego operates where impulses from the unconscious and id are rejected in their natural form and are expressed in socially acceptable ways
Reality Principle
40
Creates a sense of pride when the individual exhibits thoughts and behaviours consistent with a personal moral code
Ego Ideal
41
A form of anxiety that serves as a warning sign for real danger
Reality Anxiety
42
A form of anxiety that serves to notify the superego that the ego is considering violating one's moral code
Moral Anxiety
43
A form of anxiety that warns the ego of threatening expressions of id impulses at a level of conscious awareness
Neurotic Anxiety
44
A common defense mechanism where the ego removes the threatening stimulus from conscious awareness
Repression
45
Unacceptable thoughts and desires in the unconscious being expressed as their opposite in consciousness
Reaction Formation
46
Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, impulses, and motives to others
Projection
47
Reacting to a threatening situation with a response characteristic of an earlier stage of development
Regression
48
Transforming inappropriate impulses and motives into socially unacceptable and even valuable expressions
Sublimation
49
Consciously refusing to perceive and believe painful facts or situations exist
Denial
50
Creating an unacceptable explanation to replace a true but threatening cause of behaviour
Rationalization
51
Shifting the expression of an unwanted impulse from a threatening person to a less threatening one
Displacement
52
Area of the body associated with pleasure
Erogenous Zone
53
According to Freud, if one did not successfully navigate a psychosexual stage, they would become stuck at that stage, which would subsequently affect personality development and behavior in adulthood
Fixation
54
What are the five psychosexual stages proposed by Freud?
1) Oral 2) Anal 3) Phallic 4) Latency 5) Genital
55
From birth-2, conflict associated with the mouth (weaning breast or bottle-feeding)
Oral Stage
56
Swiss philosopher who proposed the collective unconscious
Carl Jung
57
From 3-6, conflict associated with the genitals (conflict associated with competition with the same-sex parent for the affection of the opposite-sex parent)
Phallic Stage
58
According to Jung, the unconscious mind is interconnected with the experiences of past generations of different people throughout the world. As evidence of this, Jung pointed to universal knowledge and tendencies that people share and the shared concepts that he identified as archetypes
Collective Unconscious
59
From 2-3 years, conflict associated with the anus (toilet training)
Anal Stage
60
From 7-11, no conflicts (conflict associated with practicing emerging sex-role behaviors during interaction with same-sex peers)
Latency Period
61
From 11-adulthood, conflict associated with the genitals (expression of emotional feelings and establishing meaningful relationships with members of the opposite sex)
Genital Stage
62
Universal thought patterns and behavior rituals triggered by specific situations, symbols, and images representing certain people, ideas, or beliefs
Archetypes
63
Who proposed striving for superiority?
Alfred Adler
64
Adler proposed that at a conscious level, individuals are motivated by efforts to achieve excellence and improvements over our past selves and to act in ways to benefit social interest
Striving for Superiority
65
Describes a sense of feeling safe and loved in our relationships with others
Social Security
66
According to Horney, people feel anger when in insecure relationships, particularly when one's significant other makes no effort to forge a secure environment
Basic Hostility
67
Assesses a general concern for others as defined by Adler, were positively correlated with measures of empathy, helping, cooperation, like for others, and volunteerism
Social Interest Scale
68
Refers to how someone perceives their unique set of characteristics, skills, qualities, and abilities
Self-concept as proposed by Carl Rogers
69
Set of cognitions that people use to observe, evaluate, and regulate their behavior in different situations
Self-system as proposed by Albert Bandura
70
Belief about one’s ability to successfully perform in a given situation
Self-efficacy
71
A personality construct that represents the degree to which individuals believe that they are in control of their outcomes and experiences
Locus of Control as proposed by Julian Rotter
72
A sense of hopelessness in which individuals believe their ability to prevent unpleasant events in life is outside of their control
Learned Helplessness
73
The ability to resist the temptation for something desirable that is immediately available in favor of waiting for something more desirable but required waiting some span of time (that may vary) - may also be referred to as willpower
Delay of Gratification
74
A statistical technique that can determine the number of separate constructs being assessed in a given measurement instrument. With regard to personality measures, factor analysis is a statistical tool that analyzes responses on a survey given to a group of participants. Data analysis finds items with a shared variance that have high inter-item correlations
Factor Analysis
75
A theory of personality that consists of three trait dimensions: extraversion/introversion, neuroticism/emotional stability, and psychoticism/impulse control. Each trait dimension has associated personality characteristics and specific biological components
Three Factor Theory
76
A measure that identified five distinct components of personality often referred to as "the Big 5” or “OCEAN,” and consists of the following factors: openness; conscientiousness; extraversion/sociability; agreeableness; and neuroticism
Five Factor Model
77
Inferences about personality that are linked to bodily processes, such as heart rate, respiration, and skin conduction (i.e., changes in sweat as measured using galvanized skin response (GSR)
Electrophysical Measures
78
Name the 5 personality perspectives
1) Psychodynamic 2) Humanistic 3) Social - Cognitive 4) Biological 5) Trait
79
Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neurotism
P.E.N. Theory
PSY 1102
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