1
Q
What is the definition of personality?
A
An individual’s characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling. Personality is consistant and guides behaviour.
2
Q
Wanting to know more about the personalities of those around you is ___. why?
A
Adaptive, because if keeps you safe to know the traits of those around you. ie, is this a person i couold trust in an emergency?
3
Q
What are the four humors?
A
- Choleric
- Melancholic
- Sanguine
- Phlegmatic
4
Q
What does a choleric personality have an excess of?
A
Yellow liver bile.
5
Q
What does a melancholic personality have an excess of?
A
Black kidney bile
6
Q
What does a sanguine personality have an excess of?
A
Red blood in the heart
7
Q
What does a phlegmatic personality have an excess of?
A
Green phlegm in lungs
8
Q
What are the traits of a choleric personality?
A
Passionate, ambitious, bold.
9
Q
What are the traits of a melancholic personality?
A
Reserved, anxious, sensitive.
10
Q
What are the traits of a sanguine personality?
A
Joyful, eager, optimistic.
11
Q
What are the traits of a phlegmatic personality?
A
Calm, reliable, thoughtful.
12
Q
What are the modern takeaways from the four humors approach?
A
Yes: personality from within (the brain), and biological factors (genetics).
No: relations to bodily fluids.
13
Q
What is phrenology?
A
Assessing personality via measuring brain shape and skull protrusions, thought to reliably assess personality using manual and technological measures.
14
Q
What are the modern takeaways from phrenology?
A
Yes: the brain plays a role in personality.
No: you can determine this by skull shape.
15
Q
The four questions of personality research are:
A
- How are people different in personality?
- Why are people different in personality?
- How do we assess personality?
- Can a personality change?
16
Q
What is the “Person-Situation controversy”?
A
A debate regarding if it is personality or situation that cause behaviour, eg. school/work vs home.
17
Q
What are traits?
A
habitual patterns of thought, feelings and behaviour that remain consistant over one’s life.
18
Q
What are states?
A
Temporary emotional or psychological conditions, that change situationally.
19
Q
What is trait vs. state anxiety?
A
Baseline anxiety (consistant) vs. anxiety pertaining to a specific event (temporary).
20
Q
What is meant by cardinal traits?
A
Core traits. One single trait that dominates your life/concept of self. i.e. Einstein’s intelligence.
Fairly rare, and not everyone has.
21
Q
What is meant by central traits?
A
Important traits to your personality, the adjectives most often used to describe yourself.
22
Q
What is meant by secondary traits?
A
Inconsistant or situational traits, i.e. being talkative, but only at work.
23
Q
Three things to know about traits:
A
- Traits are consistant accross situations
- Traits are stable across time
- Traits are different across people, universals cannot be traits.
24
Q
What acronym can be used for the big five traits?
A
O.C.E.A.N.
25
What are the Big 5 traits?
1. Openness to experience
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extroversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
26
What is **"Openness to experience"**?
Curious, more willing to try something new.
27
What is **"Conscientiousness"**?
Responsibility, preparedness.
28
What is **"Extroversion"**?
Sociability, enjoys being around groups of people.
29
What is **"Agreeableness"**?
Pleasant, kind, trustworthiness.
30
What is **"Neuroticism"**?
Emotional instability, quick tempered, anxious, dysregulated.
31
What is the basis of the "**Big Five Approach**"?
Personality is:
* Independant of environmental influence
* Genetically predetermined
* Transcultural
* Developed through young adulthood, but not formed-- just becomes more obvious.
32
What are **characteristic adaptations**?
The same traits expressed differently cross-culturally. For example, biting your nails may be an acceptible way to show anxiety in one culture, but extremely rude in another, so it is expressed in a different way.
33
What are the **three primary psychological needs**?
1. Prediction: routine, ex. knowing where your next meal is coming from.
2. Competence: the need to grow and learn, ie, Maslow's "esteem" need
3. Acceptance: from others, to be liked, belonging and affiliation.
34
As a child tries to meet their core psychological needs, they form these:
B.E.A.T.'s
35
What does **B.E.A.T.** stand for?
Belief
Emotion
Action-
Tendencies
36
"**Belief**" refers to:
Whether the world is good or bad, whether you have control.
37
"**Emotion**" refers to:
The emotion that a belief invokes.
38
"**Action tendencies**" are:
How you physically react to emotions.
39
a combination of ____ and ____ form your internal and external personality:
Needs and B.E.A.T.s
40
Explain using an example how B.E.A.T.s can lead to a particular trait.
**Belief**: the world is unsafe.
**Emotion**: anxiety and depressed affect.
**Action Tendency**: failure avpidance, vigilance, avoidant coping.
**Trait**: high neuroticism.
41
What are **autobiographical memories**?
Memories about personal experiences you have had.
42
What are the **three roles** of **autobiographical memories**?
1. Directive: survival, learning lessons from the past.
2. Social: retelling memories helps us socially bond
3. Self: we know who we are from past experiences.
43
What is the role of **DNA/genes** in personality?
We share *most* of our DNA, so we have **the same instrincts.**
Since we dont share *all* DNA, we have **variance in traits.**
44
What is studied in **twin studies**?
the effects of **environment vs. genetics** on personality through identical twins.
45
# Findings from twin studies:
Genes influence __% of trait variablility.
40%
46
# Findings from twin studies:
Environment influences __% of trait variablility.
60%
47
**Temperment** is:
A person's emotional and behavioural style of responding to the world, which is present from birth.
## Footnote
ex; sociability, emotionality, attention, persistance.
48
**Behaviourists** believe that:
* personality is formed by some behaviours rewarded, and others punished.
* personality changes over lifetime to adapt.
* we learn behaviour patterns from other people, called **models**.
49
Experiments show that children copy both ____ and/or ____ when they are modelled.
aggression, calmness.
50
The **Psychodynamic Theory** states that our personality develops from:
needs, strivings, and desires, which operate outside of conscious awareness.
51
What was Freud's **Id**?
primal, instinctual desire to feel immediate pleasure.
52
What were Freud's **three elements of the psyche**?
Id, Ego, Superego.
53
What is Freud's **Superego**?
conscious desire to do the right thing, morality.
54
What is Freud's **Ego**?
rationality, realistic mediator of the minds parts.
"the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life’s practical demands"
55
The ego, thought to develop within the first 3 years of life, operates according to the ***reality principle:***
the regulating mechanism that enables us to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the real world.
56
***defense mechanisms*** are:
unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce the anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses.
57
Define and provide an example of **Repression**:
* Removing painful experiences and unacceptable impulses from the conscious mind: “motivated forgetting”
* Not lashing out physically in anger; putting a bad experience out of your mind
58
Define and provide an example of **Rationalization**:
* Supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behaviour to conceal (mostly from oneself) one’s underlying motives or feelings
* Dropping calculus, allegedly because of poor ventilation in the classroom.
59
Define and provide an example of **Reaction formation**:
* Unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite
* Being rude to someone you’re attracted to
60
Define and provide an example of **Projection**:
* Attributing one’s own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group
* Judging others as being dishonest because you believe that you are dishonest
61
Define and provide an example of **Regression**:
* Reverting to an immature behaviour or earlier stage of development, a time when things felt more secure, to deal with internal conflict and perceived threat
* Using baby talk, even though able to use appropriate speech, in response to distress
62
Define and provide an example of **Displacement**:
* Shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative
* Slamming a door; yelling at someone other than the person you’re mad at
63
Define and provide an example of **Identification**:
* Dealing with feelings of threat and anxiety by unconsciously taking on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope
* A bullied child becoming a bully
64
Define and provide an example of **Sublimation**:
* Channelling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities
* Diverting anger to the football or rugby field, or other contact sport
65
What are Freud's 5 psychosexual stages?
1. Oral
2. Anal
3. Phallic
4. Latency
5. Genital
66
**Oral** stage:
The stage in which experience centres on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed
67
**Anal** stage:
The stage in which experience is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training
68
**Phallic** stage:
The stage in which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic–genital region, as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict
69
**Latency** stage:
The stage in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills
70
**Genital** stage:
The time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner
71
What are "**personality inventories**"?
standardized, objective self-report questionnaires used in psychology to measure an individual's traits, behaviors, and emotional functioning.
72
What are the **two types of questions** in personality inventories? How are they different?
1. Face valid: asking directly about traits, ie "are you impulsive?"
2. Non-face valid: asking indirectly about traits (ie, "do you spend a lot of time alone?") and interpreting responses.
Benefit of non-face valid: people may lie to make themselves sound better, or lack self awareness of their own traits when asked directly.
73
What is the **MMPI/MMPI-2-RF**?
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory.
~400 t/f questions questionnareused to assess personality and psych problems.
results include: clinical profile w 10 subscales, alcohol abuse risk factors, validity scales.
74
What are tools like the MMPI used mainly for now?
occupational assessments
75
What is **factor analysis**?
items sorted into groups of similar items, which traits are worth differentiating?
76
What is the importance of personality inventories?
* $2B industry
* used to make decisions about career development
* may help to discover natural aptitudes
* important to note that they are not very accurate.
77
What is a **self report**?
pros/cons?
a method where you provide information about your own thoughts, feelings, and behaviours, often used in surveys or interviews.
* pros: cheap, easy to administer
* cons: unreliable as they rely on self awareness and honesty
78
What is **self presentation**?
the process of intentionally trying to control how others percieve you.
this is a normal/useful/adaptive strategy
79
**Self monitoring** is:
when we observe our own behaviours and adjust, noticing mistakes in self presentation and ammending.
80
What are the 5 **self presentation strategies**?
1. ingratiation (creates liking)
2. intimidation (creates fear)
3. exemplification (creates guilt)
4. supplication (creates pity)
5. self promotion (creates respect)
81
According to current research, do people tend to present themselves accurately or in an idealised fashion online?
accurately, with more aspects of their true traits than their ideal traits.
82
What are **projective techniques**?
standard series of ambigious stimuli, designed to elicit unique responses that reveal subconsious aspects of personality.
must be interpreted by examiner (subjective).
83
The **Rorshach Inkblot Test** (RIT):
clients presented symetrical inkblot cards and asked to interpret them.
supposed to reveal subconsious feelings/struggles/desires.
84
The **Thematic Apperception Test** (TAT):
clients are shown pictures of people and asked to imagine a story of what is happening or has happened.
modest/low reliability, too subjective.
can be interpreted as either:
**Descriptive** (retelling the story)
**Interpretive** (making inferences about how you think based on story told)
**Diagnostic** (using inferences to make inferences about you and your personality)
85
The **Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank** (RISB):
you must complete the incomplete sentence, "i feel...".
86
**Impulsivity** is:
* inability to inhibit specific behaviours
* increased risk of substance abuse
87
**Sensation seeking** is:
* strong desire for stimulation and novelty.
* increased risk of substance abuse.
88
**Negative thinking** is:
* feelings of hurt and dispair
* increased risk of substance abuse
89
**Anxiety sensitivity** is:
* traits of panic disorder
* mixed results on substance use, some use less, some more.
90
Preventure:
2 90 minute group workshops for adolescents in school context guided by fascilitator.
skill building based on personality traits, assess traits, find those at high risk of substance abuse, and give them coping skills for general management as well as tools to help avoid substance use/abuse.
psychology 121
flashcards
Decks in class (7)
# Cards
