What were the 2 main empirical approaches to measuring personality in the 1950s/1960s?
- Measuring personality traits: viewed personality as a series of states which were not necessarily consistent over time
- Psychoanalytically informed tradition: Saw personality based on early experience
Out of 2000 adults how many were said to have a personality disorder?
25
Who has a higher personality disorder rate, men or women?
Women, 54/1,000
Men, 34/1,000
Where do there have to be patterns in at least 2 areas to have a personality disorders
- Cognition
- Emotion
- Relationships
- Impulse control
What is the 5-factor model of personality?
Neuroticism, extraversion/introversion, openness to experience, agreeableness/antagonism, and conscientiousness
What does the dimensional approach involve personality do?
- It involves rating each individual on the five factors
What is high extraversion personalities linked to?
Narcissistic disorder
What are low extraversion personalities linked to?
Linked to disorders that involve social isolation, such as schizoid, schizotypal, and avoidant personality disorders
What are features of paranoid personality disorders?
- Shun close relationships; trust issues
- Excessive trust in the own ideas and abilities
- Expect to be hurt
What is a paranoid personality an extension of?
antisocial, narcissistic, or obsessive-compulsive disorder, usually emerging when person is under extreme stress
How do therapists go about dealing with paranoid people?
They agree that the world is a threatening place in certain times & ways, but help to distinguish real threats from perceived ones
What is a schizoid personality disorder?
- Do not yearn for close ties with anyone, and avoid social contact because they prefer to be alone
- No interest in sex or marriage
How are schizoid personalities influenced?
- Biologically: dopamine
- Early childhood trauma: abuse, neglect
What is a schizotypal disorder?
Milder than schizophrenia
- Belief that others are watching, talking about them
- Talk to themselves, speak vaguely, ramble
What are the influences for a schizotypal personality disorder?
- Dopamine
- Abuse
What is a histrionic personality disorder?
- Lives in a dramatic emotionally contact pursuit of attention
- Elaborates on small events
What are people with a histrionic personality disorder constantly in need of?
Praise and reassurance, look for authority figures to solve with problems
What are a histrionic personality disorders persons views on themselves?
General feelings of unattractive of lack of intelligence
What are histrionic personality sufferers encouraged to do in therapy?
Express their feelings, opinions and preferences without fear of rejection and are taught assertiveness
What is borderline personality disorder?
Sufferers are painfully uncertain of themselves, image, sexual orientation, life goals & values
What are borderline personality sufferers prone to?
- Depression & anxiety and impulsive behaviour
What influences are there to develop borderline personality disorder?
- Family dysfunction
- Parental neglect
- Physical and emotional trauma
What is the bed type of therapy for those suffering with borderline personality disorder?
Establish predictable boundaries.
Therapist needs to take active & supportive role; and help sufferer recognise destructive, maladaptive aspects of behaviour and uncover the underlying needs and motives
What is the narcissistic personality disorder?
Pervasive fantasies of success, beauty, or remarkable talent with extreme self-focus
