Personality - Test #2

Question 1

Delay of Gratification

Answer 1

refers to a person’s ability to resist the temptation of a smaller reward in order to get a larger reward later.

• appears to be stable.

Question 2

Personality

Answer 2

an individual’s characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour, together with the biological, psychological and social mechanisms behind those patterns.

Question 3

Study on Delay gratification

Answer 3

• showed that the ability for young children to delay gratification predicts life outcomes many years later
  ex: SAT scores and behaviour problems, i.e drug abuse.

Question 4

Freud

Answer 4

• argues that the mind consists of an unconscious dimension that houses distressing and taboo urges.
• the manner by which the individual relates to these impulses determines one’s personality.
• his theories cannot be falsified.

Question 5

Glove Anaesthesia

Answer 5

• people report that they cannot feel anything below a certain point on their arm.
• Freud suggested psychological treatment (hypnotized them and let them talk).
• this resolved hysteria in many cases.

Question 6

Unconscious mind (Freud)

Answer 6

• contains primitive, irrational activity.

- can be inferred through interpreting dreams.

Question 7

Hysteria

Answer 7

physician finds physical symptoms, such as loss of sensation in a part of the body but no physical cause

Question 8

Freudian Slips

Answer 8

• unconscious mental content can involuntarily leak out through verbal slips of the tongue.
• not accidental

Question 9

Examples of unconscious desire

Answer 9

Oedipus complex: male attraction towards mother.

Electra complex: female attraction towards father.

Question 10

Freud’s Legacy

Answer 10

• brought unconscious mind into mainstream psychological & public discourse.
• highlighted the role of childhood experiences in psychological development.

Question 11

Factor Analysis

Answer 11

a type of statistical procedure that is conducted to identify groups of related items

ex: the big 5

Question 12

The Big Five

Answer 12

1. ) Openness
2. ) Conscientiousness
3. ) Extraversion
4. ) Agreeableness
5. ) Neuroticism

Question 13

Openness

Answer 13

• is original
• is curious
• is a deep thinker
• has an active imagination
• doesn’t need routine
• has artistic interest

Question 14

Conscientiousness

Answer 14

• does things efficiently
• is a reliable worker
• make plans and follows through
• is not careless
• is organized

Question 15

Extraversion

Answer 15

• sociability
• activity
• liveliness
• excitability

Question 16

Agreeableness

Answer 16

• helpful and unselfish
• forgiving nature
• generally trusting
• likes to cooperate with others

Question 17

Neuroticism (emotional stability)

Answer 17

• is depressed
• can be tense
• worries a lot
• can be moody
• gets nervous easily

Question 18

Personality & Obedience

Answer 18

study found that people who are conscientious & agreeable were most likely to deliver final shock in Millgram’s experiment.

Question 19

Personality & Politics

Answer 19

liberal = openness to experience

conservative = conscientiousness

Question 20

Is personality hereditary?

Answer 20

identical twins have greater similarity in a specific trait than fraternal twin who share 50% of genes.

Question 21

Heritability

Answer 21

the percent of variance in individual difference that are due to genetic differences.

Question 22

Parental Investment Theory

Answer 22

the larger the difference in parental investment between the sexes, the greater the difference in sexual selectivity.

• women will be more picky about their sexual partners than men (because there is more risk).

Question 23

Different types of behaviours within love

Answer 23

1. ) attraction
2. ) attachment
3. ) maintenance

Question 24

“Attraction is Average” hypothesis

Answer 24

argues that faces which are mathematically close to the average are generally more attractive than the individual faces that constructed the average.

Question 25

One explanation for “Attraction is Average” hypothesis

Answer 25

mere exposure effect —> simply being more exposed to a stimulus leads to increased liking.

Question 26

Research on “Attraction is Average” hypothesis & mere exposure

Answer 26

shows that neural measures of arousal to facial attractiveness tends to increase with repeated presentations of faces.

Question 27

Natural Selection and Attraction

Answer 27

males —> attracted to cues of female fertility. (can identify when females are at peak fertility) females —> attracted to good genes and mates who will help rear offspring.

Question 28

Dual- mating strategy

Answer 28

argues that women tend to shift their preferences for mates across the ovulation cycle. - when women approach peak fertility they show greater preference for stereotypically masculine traits.

Question 29

Basics of Evolution

Answer 29

1. ) variation 2. ) competition 3. ) heredity

Question 30

Attachment Styles theory

Answer 30

theory that one’s interactions with caregivers in childhood helps establish mental models of relationships that influence romantic attachment patterns later in life.

Question 31

What do women want?

Answer 31

1. ) find a mate with good genes (survival/reproduction ability). 2. ) Find a mate who can help raise offspring (willingness to invest).

Question 32

Passionate love

Answer 32

finding comfort in a person.

Question 33

Companiate love

Answer 33

knowing a person intimately/deeply.

Question 34

Secure attachment style

Answer 34

characterized by trust, a lack of concern over being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well-liked.

Question 35

Anxious/ambivalent attachment style

Answer 35

characterized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher than average levels of anxiety .

Question 36

Avoidant attachment style

Answer 36

characterized by a suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed in the past.

Question 37

Prairie Voles

Answer 37

- monogamous | - rare in animal kingdom

Question 38

Montane/meadow voles

Answer 38

polygamous

Question 39

Partner Preference Test

Answer 39

- two animals mate for a short period of time. - one partner is led to choose between spending time with the former mating partner, a new partner, or alone. - proportion of time that an animal decides to spend with the former partner (vs other scenarios) measures attachment.

Question 40

Prairie vs Montane in PPT

Answer 40

- prairie spends most of the time with partner huddling. | - montane spends most of the time alone.

Question 41

Vasopressin

Answer 41

involved in male-typical behaviour such as scent marking of territory, paternal care and psychical aggression.

Question 42

Injecting vasopressin

Answer 42

- accelerates pair-bonding in male prairie roles. | - injecting vasopressin antagonists prevent pair-bonding.

Question 43

Dopamine

Answer 43

- almost no difference in dopamine levels between prairies and montanes. - greater density of vasopressin receptors in the dopamine-reward pathway in monogamous roles. - blocking dopamine signalling reduces pair-bond formation.

Question 44

Parental Investment

Answer 44

the amount of investment a parent makes in offspring.