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PHARMA & ANES Flashcards

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1
Q

General order of the loss of function

A 
Pain
Cold
Warm
Touch
Proprioception
Motor
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2
Q

Loss of sensation of pain, temperature, pressure & motor function w/o loss of consciousness

A

Regional anesthesia

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3
Q

Deposition of anesthesia in proximity to the main trunk

A

Nerve block

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4
Q

The distance of nerve fibers that should be in contact w/ anesthetic solution for effective anesthesia

A

8-10mm

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5
Q

Examples of regional anesthesia

A

Spinal anes
Epidural anes
Nerve block

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6
Q

Examples of Nerve Block

A

Mandibular NB
Infraorbital NB
Maxillary NB

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7
Q

Most common mandi block

A

Classical IAN block

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8
Q

True mandi block

A

Gow gates

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9
Q

NB that targets mid premolar area

A

Infraorbital NB

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10
Q

Nerves affected in Infraorbital NB

A

ASAN

MSAN

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11
Q

Required needle depth:
A. Classical IAN Block
B. Maxilary NB

A

A. 20-25mm

B. 30mm

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12
Q

Nerve Block, local infiltration, intraligamentary, intrapulpal

A

…

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13
Q

2 types of Local Infiltration Anesthesia

A

Soft tissue infiltration

Intra-bony infiltration

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14
Q

Types of ST Infiltration

A

Submucosal
Supra-periosteal
Subperiosteum
Field block

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15
Q

Inserting the needle beneath the mucosa

A

Submucosal

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16
Q

Inserting the needle beside periosteum

A

Supra-periosteal

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17
Q

Inserting the needle beneath periosteum

A

Subperiosteum

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18
Q

Most common palatal injection

A

Nasopalatine NB

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19
Q

Used for hemostasis, ST anesthesia

A

Interseptal

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20
Q

Cortical plate is penetrated with special burs and the solution is injected into the spongy bone

A

Intra-osseous

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21
Q

For max & man infiltration
A. Labial injection
B. Lingual/Palatal injection

A

Requires
A. 1.5mL solution
B. 0.3mL solution to avoid pain

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22
Q

Repeat use of needle

A

Cause Clostridium tetani infection

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23
Q

Most common syringe

A

Breech-loading metallic cartridge aspirating

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24
Q

Syringe used for alcoholic injections

A

Luer-lock syringe

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25
Needle is made up of
Stainless steel and disposable
26
Weakest portion of the needle
Hub
27
Most common reason of allergic reaction in anes
Preservative
28
Examples of preservatives
``` Sodium bisulfite(0.5mg) - preserves vasocontrictor agents Methylparaben(1mg) - preserves local anesthesia ```
29
Allergic reaction of local anes A. Due to B. What type of hypersensitivity reaction
A. Antigen-antibody reaction | B. Type IV
30
Increases the incidence and severity of allergic reaction
Rapid injection of the solution
31
Function of vasoconstrictors
Prolongs the anes effect by decreasing the absorption of anesthesia
32
Examples of vasoconstrictors
Epinephrine Levonordefrin Phenylephrine
33
What vasoconstrictor A. Most toxic and most common B. Less toxic C. Weakest
A. Epinephrine B. Levonordefrin C. Phenylephrine
34
Maximum dose of epi for healthy px
200mg
35
Maximum dose of epi for cardiac risk px
40mg
36
Overdose of epinephrine
Tachycardia
37
Antidote/ epi-reversal
Phenoxybenzamine
38
Most sensitive organ to epi
Thyroid Gland- Grave's disease
39
Maximum dose of Levonordefrin for normal px
300mg
40
Isotonic solution in LA
NaCl/ Ringer's solution (6mg) | Reduces discomfort during injection
41
Thymol
An antibacterial & fungicidal
42
Air bubbles injected into the tissue results to
Air embolism
43
Most severe complications of LA
Cardiovascular toxicity | CNS toxicity
44
MOA of LA
Prevents action potential by blocking Sodium Channels
45
Allergic to both Ester & Amide
Use diphenhydramine
46
Neutralizes the acidity of LA to achieve body pH
Sodium Bicarbonate
47
Very first effective GA
Cocaine
48
Very first effective LA
Procaine
49
Most potent topical anes
Benzocaine 10% (1-2mm depth)
50
Most potent vasodilator
Procaine
51
The only vasoconstrictor
Cocaine
52
10x more potent than procaine | Used for spinal anes
Tetracaine
53
Ester | PLASMA by plasma cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase)
Amide | LIVER by cytochrome p450
54
The only amide metabolized in plasma
Articaine
55
Study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes
Pharmacology
56
Study of procurement, preparation and dispensing of drugs
Pharmacy
57
Study of relation of individual's genetic make-up to his response to specific drug
Pharmacogenomics
58
Study that deals with the sources of drugs derived from plants, animals, physical and chemical properties of substances
Pharmacognosy
59
Study how the body handles the drug
Pharmacokinetics
60
Movemment of the drug from the site of administration to bloodstream
Absorption
61
Passage of drug from circulation to the tissue site
Distribution
62
Neutralization of the drug
Excretion
63
Activation of the drug
Metabilosm / Biotransformation
64
Lipid soluble & non ionized | Absorption
Lipid insoluble & ionized | Metabolism
65
Phases of biotransformation
Phase I: Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis Organ: Liver via cytochrome p450 Phase II: Glucoronidation, conjugation Organ: Plasma via plasma cholinesterase
66
Inactivates drug in body fluids by spontaneous molecular rearrangement without use of enzymes
Hoffman Elimination
67
Implies that a constant fraction of a drug eliminated from the body per unit time
First Order Kinetics
68
Drug administered in inactive form
Prodrug
69
Main organ for excretion of drugs
Kidney via urine
70
Study how the drugs affect the body
Pharmacodynamics
71
Selective enhancement of the level of activity of specialized cells
Stimulation
72
Selective diminution of activity of specialized cells
Depression
73
Non selective, often noxious effect and is particularly applied to less specialized cell
Irritation
74
Type of drug that uses natural metabolites, hormones or congeners in deficiency states
Replacement
75
What drug stimulates the heart
Adrenaline
76
What drug stimulates salivary glands
Pilocarpine
77
What drug depresses CNS
Barbiturates
78
What drug depresses the heart
Quinidine
79
What drug depresses gastric acid secretion
Omeprazole
80
Treatment for: A. L-dopa B. Insulin C. Iron
A. Parkinson B. Diabetes mellitus C. Anemia
81
Are macromoleculea or binding site located on the surface or inside the effector cell that serves to recognize the signal and initiates response
Drug receptors
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