PHC

Question 1

Essential, community-based health care that is universally accessible, scientifically sound, socially acceptable, and affordable. It involves full community participation and aims to achieve Health for All.

Answer 1

Primary Health Care

Question 2

A global goal set by the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 that envisions all people attaining a level of health that allows them to lead socially and economically productive lives.

Answer 2

Health for All

Question 3

The process of engaging individuals, families, and groups in identifying needs, planning, and implementing health programs to promote ownership and sustainability.

Answer 3

Community Participation

Question 4

The collaboration between the health sector and other sectors (education, agriculture, social welfare, environment, etc.) to address the broader determinants of health.

Answer 4

Intersectoral Linkage

Question 5

Health tools, methods, and techniques that are affordable, practical, scientifically valid, and acceptable to the community, such as oral rehydration therapy or safe birthing kits.

Answer 5

Appropriate Technology

Question 6

Ensures all people have access to needed health services (prevention, promotion, treatment, and rehabilitation) without suffering financial hardship.

Answer 6

Universal Health Coverage

Question 7

A landmark global agreement emphasizing PHC as the key to achieving “Health for All,” stressing community participation and intersectoral collaboration.

Answer 7

Alma- Ata Declaration (1978)

Question 8

A reaffirmation of Alma-Ata, emphasizing modern PHC approaches, integration of technology, and sustainability within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Answer 8

Astana Declaration (2018)

Question 9

Conditions or factors influencing health, including biology, lifestyle, environment, and access to services.

Answer 9

Determinants of Health

Question 10

The application of scientific knowledge (tools, procedures, systems) for disease prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and health promotion in the community.

Answer 10

Health Technology

Question 11

Primary Health Care is a comprehensive approach that includes health promotion, disease prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation at the community level. It seeks to make essential health care universally accessible through active community participation and intersectoral collaboration.

Answer 11

Mary Nies 2019

Question 12

PHC as “essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them, through their full participation, and at a cost that the community and country can afford.”

Answer 12

Agnes Maglaya 2009

Question 13

Asta declaration of 2018 key highlights

Answer 13

1. Recommitment to PHC and Health for All.
2. Integration of modern technology.
3. People-centered and community-led.
   4.Sustainability and accountability.

Question 14

Modern PHC

Answer 14

Community empowerment+
Technology integration+
Universal health access

Question 15

Elements of PHC

Answer 15

Education
Locally endemic diseases
Essential Drugs
Maternal and Child Health Care
EPI (Immunization)
Nutrition
Treatments
Safe water and sanitation

Question 16

Determinants of success in PHC

Answer 16

1.community participation and empowerment
2. political commitment and government support
3.intersectoral linkages
4. use of appropriate technology
5.equitable distribution of health resources
6.continuous education and capacity building

Question 17

characteristics of A.H.Technology

Answer 17

Affordable and cost effective
culturally and socially acceptable
scientifically sound and evidence based
environmentally safe and sustainable
easy to use,repair and maintain

Question 18

example of a.p technology

Answer 18

oral rehydration salts (ors) for diarrhea
water purification tablets
mosquito nets for malaria prevention
safe birthing kits for midwives
mobile health apps (mhealth) for health monitoring

Question 19

A group of people who share a common geographic area, culture, values, and social system, and who interact with one another to fulfill common needs. In public health, a community is both the client and partner in health development.

Answer 19

community

Question 20

field of public health that focuses on the protection and improvement of the health of population groups within a community through organized and sustained community effort.

Answer 20

Community Health

Question 21

process of building collective power by mobilizing people to recognize common problems, prioritize needs, plan actions, and work together toward shared goals for improved health and well-being. It emphasizes community participation, ownership, and empowerment.

Answer 21

community organizing

Question 22

social process of recognizing, promoting, and enhancing people’s abilities to meet their needs, solve problems, and mobilize resources to control their lives

Answer 22

empowerment

Question 23

The active involvement of community members in identifying problems, setting priorities, planning, implementing, and evaluating health programs.

Answer 23

participation

Question 24

role of the community health nurse (CHN) who guides and supports the community in organizing, analyzing data, and implementing activities without taking control of decision-making.

Answer 24

facilitator

Question 25

process of determining the health status, problems, and needs of the community using both quantitative and qualitative data.

Answer 25

community diagnosis

Question 26

The act of bringing together community members and resources to initiate and sustain collective action toward a common goal.

Answer 26

mobilization

Question 27

Strengthening the knowledge, skills, and leadership abilities of individuals and organizations to make them more effective and self-reliant.

Answer 27

capacity building

Question 28

The process of identifying and mentoring individuals within the community who can take initiative and motivate others to act for collective welfare.

Answer 28

leadership development

Question 29

coordinated action between the health sector and other sectors (education, agriculture, environment, local governance) to address determinants of health.

Answer 29

Intersectoral collaboration

Question 30

Activities designed to gain community trust, establish rapport, and prepare members for participation in development efforts.

Answer 30

Social preparation

Question 31

process through which individuals and communities gain more control over the determinants of their health and increase their capacity to make choices and transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes.

Answer 31

Health empowerment

Question 32

The community's ability to identify, mobilize, and address health concerns using its own resources and structures.

Answer 32

community capacity

Question 33

The ability of a health program or initiative to continue delivering benefits and maintain community engagement after external assistance ends.

Answer 33

sustainability

Question 34

Engaging community groups, organizations, and individuals across sectors to take collective and sustained action for health improvement.

Answer 34

social mobilization

Question 35

Individuals, groups, or organizations who have interest, influence, or investment in a program, policy, or project.

Answer 35

stakeholders

Question 36

The shared belief of a group in its ability to achieve desired outcomes through collective effort.

Answer 36

collective efficacy

Question 37

Observable signs that communities have gained control over their health and development, such as policy influence, leadership initiatives, and local resource generation.

Answer 37

community empowerment indicators

Question 38

A collaborative research approach where community members actively participate in investigating their own problems and developing solutions for change.

Answer 38

participatory action research (PAR)

Question 39

principles of community organizing

Answer 39

1.participation and involvement 2.self-reliance and empowerment 3.equity and social justice 4.intersectoral linkages and collaboration 5.leadership development 6.sustainability and capacity building 7.cultural sensitivity and respect for diversity 8. critical consciousness

Question 40

this theory emphasizes conscientization- the process of developing critical awareness through reflection and dialogue

Answer 40

Freire's Empowerment Theory

Question 41

Proposed 3 classic models that describe different approaches to community organizing

Answer 41

Jack Rothman Rothman's Model of Community Organization

Question 42

3 Rothman's Model of Community Organization

Answer 42

Locality Development Model Social Planning Model Social Action Model

Question 43

identified nine domains of empowerment that serve as indicators of how empowered a community is. These domains can be used to assess and strengthen community capacity.

Answer 43

Glenn Laverack Laverack's Empowerment Domains

Question 44

Developed by John McKnight and John Kretzmann, focuses on identifying: and utilizing the community's existing strengths (assets) rather than focusing on its deficiencies or problems.

Answer 44

Asset- Based Community Development (ABCD)

Question 45

Phases of community organizing (based on maglaya and nies)

Answer 45

a. entry phase b. integration and social investigation c.core group formation d.situational analysis/community diagnosis e.planning f.implementation g.monitoring and evaluation h.phase-out/sustainability

Question 46

levels of empowerment (maglaya)

Answer 46

individual empowerment organizational empowerment community empowerment

Question 47

Determinants of Successful Community Organizing According to Nies and Maglaya, success in community organizing depends on:

Answer 47

• Active community participation a • Strong leadership and core group • Effective communication and coordination • Adequate and accessible resources • Political and institutional support • Cultural acceptability • Capacity building and continuous learning • Monitoring and feedback mechanisms • Intersectoral linkages and partnerships • Sustainability planning and integration into LGU structures

Question 48

Nurse's Role in Community Organizing and Empowerment

Answer 48

• Facilitator of Change • Health Educator and Advocate • Capacity Builder and Trainer • Community Mobilizer • Researcher and Evaluator • Networker and Liaison • Policy Influencer and Advocate

Question 49

Indicators of Community Empowerment

Answer 49

• Community participation in local governance. • Presence of functioning health committees. • Reduction in dependency on external resources. • Community-managed health funds or cooperatives. • Local policy development for health promotion. • Improved health outcomes morbidity/mortality rates). (lower