Philip

Question 1

What did the 10th Penny Tax do?

What did Alva do to impose it?

Answer 1

10% VAT on everything for everyone

Alva imposed it by force without states general permission: sent troops to shops and warehouses in Brussels

Question 2

When was William of Orange’s 2nd invasion of the Netherlands?

Answer 2

1572

Question 3

What port did the Sea Beggars capture with Orange’s 1572 invasion?

Answer 3

Brill

Couldn’t be recaptured

Question 4

How much did sea beggars steal per year until 1588 as a result of Orange’s 1572 invasion?

Answer 4

2 mill ducats per year until 1588

Question 5

What did merchants do in response to the Tenth Penny Tax?

Answer 5

Merchants ceased trading

Question 6

What were 2 other economic failures under Alva?

Answer 6

• Elizabeth seized Alva’s Genoese Loan
Harvest failure of the Baltic

= destroy Anglo-Dutch trade

Question 7

What 3 things happened to Holland, where Orange retreated?

Answer 7

• became a semi-independent rebel state
• in open rebellion
• Orange recognised as provincial governor

Question 8

What was Oranges political/court faction motivation for invading the Netherlands?

Answer 8

Condemned by council or troubles & estates confiscated

(Former servant of Habsburgs)

Question 9

What religion were the sea beggars?

What was their military role in Orange’s army?

Answer 9

Calvinists

Navy (most decisive force in invasion)

Question 10

What did the Sea Beggars capture of Brill mean for Calvinists?

What was the Dutch reaction? 🏃

Answer 10

Calvinists can stream into the Netherlands through Brill port

60,000 Dutchmen fled to England & Germany

Question 11

What nationality & religion were the Huguenots?

When did they attack the Spanish? Where?

Answer 11

French Protestants

Attack Spanish at Perpignan in 1570

Question 12

What Act gave Netherlands independence? When?

Answer 12

Act of Abduratjon 1581

Question 13

What treaty ended the war between Spain and France?
When?

Answer 13

Treaty of Vervins 1598

(King Henry Navarre declared war on Spain 1595)

Question 14

What was Philip’s foreign policy aims?

Answer 14

Protect Catholicism

Protect & expand Spanish power + finance

Question 15

Who led the Huguenots?

Answer 15

Henry Navarre - heir to French throne
(concerned Philip - spread of Protestantism if king)

Question 16

Philip supported catholics in what French civil war?

Answer 16

‘Wars of religion’

(Philip became distracted on this instead of Netherlands)

Question 17

What did Navarre to to become king of France in what year?

Answer 17

Fake conversion to Catholicism in 1593

Question 18

What Huguenot seige did Spain intervene in France?
When?

Answer 18

Parma intervenes in Huguenot siege of Paris in 1590 vs catholics

Question 19

Philip attempted to place his daughter on the French throne

Who did this decrease relations with?
Why?

Answer 19

French Catholic League

became known as “puppets of a foreign monarch”

Question 20

What secret Treaty did Philip make with the French Catholic League? 🤝
When?

Answer 20

Treaty of Joinville
1584

(shows Philips devotion to Catholicism)

Question 21

What percentage (%) of revenue to the Netherlands from 1590-4 was used in France?

Answer 21

75% revenue -> N -> France

Question 22

How did Elizabeth aid Dutch rebels in 1570?

Answer 22

Sent money and mercenaries to Netherlands

Question 23

What group did Elizabeth throw out of England that aided Oranges 2nd invasion of the Netherlands?

Answer 23

Sea Beggars thrown out of England
-> Orange’s navy (most decisive force in invasion)

Question 24

What was the aim of Philip’s Armada (‘Religious Crusade’)

Answer 24

Make England Catholic

Question 25

How much money, ships, and men did Philip use in the Armada? What year?

Answer 25

Invade England with: 10 million ducats 130 ships 30,000 men 1588

Question 26

How many ships and men survived the Armada? Why was the 10 million spent not recovered?

Answer 26

60 ships & 1/2 men survived Pope promised to pay if Spanish landed in England - failed

Question 27

When were the other two failed armada attempts?

Answer 27

1596-7

Question 28

How many ducats of debt was inherited?

Answer 28

36 million ducats of debt inherited

Question 29

What percentage (%) of Philips revenue at the end of his reign was towards his debt?

Answer 29

563% = military funds a secondary concern

Question 30

When did Valencia go into open rebellion during the Aragonese revolt? Why?

Answer 30

1590 Philip sent 18 companies of infantry to the Valencia coast - violating aragonese fueros

Question 31

How many Castilian troops crush aragonese resistance in 1591?

Answer 31

17,000

Question 32

How many days did it take to restore order after the Aragonese revolt?

Answer 32

4 days

Question 33

What did the aragonese fueros involve? (3)

Answer 33

Nobles (rather than Cortes) dominate the disputation & society Philip only allowed to appoint viceroy Aragonese independence

Question 34

What 2 things did Philip change after the Aragonese rebellion?

Answer 34

Philip: right to fire & hire viceroy that no longer has to be aragonese Rewrote aragonese constitution in 1591 - introducing extratradition law

Question 35

What did Charles’ Papal Bull mean for Philip?

Answer 35

He can decide who the Bishops are

Question 36

50% of church revenue went to Philip through 2 tax?

Answer 36

Cruzada & subsidio tax

Question 37

What were the 2 main factions that clashed on governance of territory? What were each of their foreign policies?

Answer 37

Alba: centralist = war + expansion Eboli: federalist = moderate foreign policy

Question 38

What year did Philip sell common land? How much money did it make him?

Answer 38

1587: sold common land = 357,000 ducats

Question 39

What year did Philip sell towns? How much money did he make?

Answer 39

1582: sell towns = over 400,000 ducats

Question 40

What was the drawback of Philip selling towns and land?

Answer 40

Short term solution for long term problem Have nobles (customers) direct control

Question 41

Between 1570-1600, what percentage did Philip increase tax by?

Answer 41

90%

Question 42

How much debt did Philip inherit, with what interest rate?

Answer 42

36 million ducats of debt 14% interest

Question 43

What was the total tax that increased, doubled& tripelled?

Answer 43

Alcabala tax

Question 44

What was the Millones tax?

Answer 44

After Armada… tax oil & meat

Question 45

What problems did Philips Alcabala & Millones tax cause for the Spanish population?

Answer 45

Increase food prices = famine, plague, crop yealds fall = increase infant mortality

Question 46

What Jesuit criticised Philip? What did he say?

Answer 46

Jesuit Ribadeneira said all are ‘dissolutioned’ with the King

Question 47

What was the Jesuit role? Where was this not achieved? How?

Answer 47

Spread Catholicism & ensure access to religious education San Vincente never had a Sunday sermon

Question 48

What pope said Jesuits were institutionally flawed?

Answer 48

Pope Clement

Question 49

What was the 1559 Caranza Affair?

Answer 49

Pope Pius V argued that prisoner Caranza was not a heretic & demanded fair trial Inquisition refused = Pope refuses to renew Philip’s cruzada tax = Philip backs down

Question 50

How many colleges did Jesuits build?

Answer 50

155

Question 51

What percentage of people were able to recite the Lord’s Prayer?

Answer 51

75%

Question 52

How many jesuits were in the armada to help reconvert England?

Answer 52

24

Question 53

How many morisco rebels were there by 1570?

Answer 53

30,000

Question 54

What percentage of arms had to be imported to fight the Moriscos, increasing debt?

Answer 54

80% arms imported

Question 55

What did the Morisco diaspora do?

Answer 55

Forcibly remove 90,000 Moriscos

Question 56

How much did the morisco revolt cost Philip?

Answer 56

3 million ducats

Question 57

How did the Morisco revolt damage the Granada economy?

Answer 57

Silk & leather trade suffered Granada economy declined 33%

Question 58

What did the morisco rebels do in 1570? How many Spanish lives suffered?

Answer 58

Tortured & killed Catholic priests & Terrorise countryside 60,000 Spanish lives suffered

Question 59

How many years was the morisco revolt?

Answer 59

4 years

Question 60

What percentage of inquisition revolts were Moriscos before VS after the revolt?

Answer 60

85% of arrests -> 9% of arrests

Question 61

What caused the morisco revolt?

Answer 61

1 school for Morisco children 1560: 85% Inquisition arrests = morisco Double tax on silk Ban Arabic language

Question 62

What was the first index banning heretical works? By who? How many typical heresy did it ban?

Answer 62

Inquisitor General Valdez wrote the Venacular index Ban 670 typical heresy

Question 63

How many heretical works did the 2nd index ban?

Answer 63

33,000

Question 64

Between 1559-62 how many autos de fe? How many were prosecuted & put to death?

Answer 64

6 autos de fe 1559-62 278 prosecuted 77 dead

Question 65

How many arrests did the Inquisition make? What percentage of these were ordinary Catholic people?

Answer 65

40,000 arrests 66% arrests

Question 66

How many Protestants did Valdez find in Selville 1557?

Answer 66

130

Question 67

Who created the Holy League? What proportion of the men were Spanish forces? How many men & ships? Who led?

Answer 67

Pope Pius V 1/2 Spanish forces 80,000 men & 300 ships Don John

Question 68

Why did the Holy League form?

Answer 68

Ottomans attack Cyprus

Question 69

What damage did the Holy league do to the ottomans?

Answer 69

Destroyed a large part or the ottoman fleet 30,000 ottomans killed vs 8000 Holy League

Question 70

What was foreign policy with the ottomans in Djerba?

Answer 70

1560) pirates ambush Philips expedition Pirates capture 10,000 men & island

Question 71

When was the ottoman/spanish ceasefire?

Answer 71

1578

Question 72

What year did Elizabeth send money and mercenaries to the Dutch rebels?

Answer 72

1570

Question 73

How many of Alva’s troops were in the Netherlands?

Answer 73

67,000

Question 74

What happened to the other 2 armada attempts?

Answer 74

Failed to reach assembly points 1596-7

Question 75

When did orange ban Catholicism? Where? Why?

Answer 75

1573 ban Catholicism as provincial governor or Holland, Zealand & Ultrech

Question 76

What 2 reasons did Philip propose to Elizabeth?

Answer 76

Stop Pope excommunicating Elizabeth Hope she would help with Spanish war with France

Question 77

When did Henry fake converting to Catholicism to become kind of France? Who accepted his conversion?

Answer 77

1593 Pope

Question 78

What treaty allied Philip with the French Catholic league?

Answer 78

Treaty of Joinville 1584 Subsidise military operations

Question 79

When did Henry declare war on Spain?

Answer 79

1595 Led to significant loss of Spanish possessions

Question 80

How were priests reformed through the Tridentine decrees? (3)

Answer 80

Must start Sunday schools Must preach Sunday sermon Must wear distinctive vestments

Question 81

What become the most important for instructing the lay people under the Tridentine decrees? Why?

Answer 81

Confessional teaches free will to abandon deviating faith

Question 82

What was said about the Tridentine decrees?

Answer 82

Revolutionised Spanish Catholicism

Question 83

What 3 administrative changes were a part of the Tridentine decrees?

Answer 83

1) Philip strengthened control over 300 monastic houses by breaking foreign links 2) insufficient monasteries = dissolved 3) 20 seminaries set up to educate clergy

Question 84

What type of authority did the Tridentine decrees increase?

Answer 84

Episcopal (bishops) authority

Question 85

How did the Tridentine Decrees standardise reforms nationally?

Answer 85

Distinctive ways of saying mass phased out e.g. in Mallorca

Question 86

When were Spanish students banned from studying abroad?

Answer 86

1559