the development of the phon. is ? and begins as soon as ? however infants actually demonstrate the processing of auditory stimuli ?
categorical perception: discrimination of phonemic categories of one’s native language in perimeters such as ?
infants demonstrate the ability to discriminate between non-native sounds until around ?
on going / in utero
placement, manner, voicing
8 months- at which time this ability decreases
speech sound development:
refers to child’s gradual control over ? to produce ?
movement of artic. / increasingly more complex sounds of speech
Structural development:
note that anatomical/physiological structures of speech mechanism are set up to accommodate infant’s primary functions fo breathing sucking and swallowing
- shorter
- relatively shorter
- tongue position is more
- gradual
- high
- close ?
vocal tract
pharyngeal cavity
forward
larynx
approx. of the velopharynx and epiglottis
linguistic perception is the ability to
- identify differences between
- store ?
- recognize sound patterns as ?
some feel this takes place before the child has ? due to ?
in this case any speech error are due to ?
speech sounds
sound patterns that make up words and phrases
specific words or phrases
50 words/proven discrimination abilities of infants and toddlers/ immaturity in motoric ability
support for whole word pattern learning vs. segmentation:
lexical idiosyncrasy: child is able to accurately produce a speech sound in ? yet?
-so this sound is not being produced with ?
prosodic phenomena: the produced form matches the adult’s as a ? but does not correspond from ? the production is more of a?
phonological idioms: first forms are sometimes produced as a ? and later a ? this reflects an internal reorg. from ?
-this production seems immature yet is actually a reflection of a more?
one word unit/substitutes or omits the same sound in another word unit
-internal rep. of the sound unit yet with internal rep.of the word unit as a whole
- whole/unit to unit/ prosodic pattern
- whole unit/regression takes place and the same word is misarticulated / efficient segment-based system
normative data: tells us what speech sounds can be ?
difficulties in normative data:
longitudinal studies are ?
cross-sectional studies assess ?
the definition of correct production is ?
the age of acquisition of some phonemes (especially?) ?
expected at what age
limited
-many children of different ages at single point in time
extremely arbitrary and optional
fricative/ varies greatly from child to child
to address some of these difficulties, speech sound acquisition can be viewed as hierarchy:
- age of
- age of
- age of
- age of
first appearence
earliest correct production
customary production
mastery
