Newborn
- Startled by loud noise
- Turns head in response to sound
- Calmed by voices
- Preference for mother’s voice
- Ignores some speech sounds
- Cooing sounds, laughs
- Cries differently when hurt, angry, hungry etc.
1-2 Months
-Smiles when spoken to
3-7 Months
-Responds differently to different intonation
8-12 Months
- Responds to name and no
- Recognizes some words
- Babbles with consonant / vowel changes “badagoo”
- Babbling becomes more language-specific near 12 months
4-6 Month Productive Ability
-Random usage of syllables, normally “ba” “ga”
6-8 Month Productive Ability
- Babbles with duplication
- Attempts to imitate sounds
Babbling sounds are:
Universal across all languages
-Common sounds in language will appear most frequently in babbling
Frequent consontants
p, b, m
t, d, n
k, g
s, h, w, j
General tendencies of phonological acquisition:
- vowels acquired earlier than consonants
- stops acquired before other consonants
- Labials > Alveolars / velars > Alveopalatals > dentals
Syllable Deletion
-Deletion of one or many syllables
Dishwasher > wa
Syllable Simplification
-Consonant clusters
Small > ma
Substitutions
- Stopping: fricative > stop
- -ship > tip
- Fronting: place of articulation moves forward
- -Ship > sip
- Gliding: liquid > glide
- -Lorry > woji
- Denasalization: nasal > oral stop
- -jam >dab
Assimilation
-Sounds become more similar
Big pig > big big
Prosody Acquisition
- 9 mo prefer sounds in their own language
- 7.5 mo can identify words with multiple syllables
- 10.5 mo can identify rhythm patterns
Trochaic Stress Patternq
-Strong-weak / stressed-unstressed multi-syllable words
When does vocab development start?
1 year
-1.5 yo = 50 words
Lexical constraints / principles (Mapping)
- Whole object assumption
- 1 object = 1 name
Whole object assumption
1 word = 1 object
-Words are most likely to refer to objects, rather than ideas
Social Pragmatic Theory (mapping)
- Use of non-verbal cues
- Eye-fazes, gestures, attention
Overextension
-applies the meaning of a word to multiple ideas or objects
Eg. A kitten is all fluffly animals
Underextension
-Applies the meaning of a broad word to a specific object
Eg. A kitten is only Mr. Mittens, the family pet, not all small cats
Morphological feature acquisition order
-ing
plural (-s)
possessive (‘s)
the, a
past (-ed)
auxiliary (be)
Overgeneralization
-Applies morphological rules in places it does not work
Eg. Broke = breaked or broked
I broomed it up
