Phonological processes

Question 1

Gliding

Answer 1

• Substitution of a liquid (r/l) for a glide (w/y)
• “red” –> “wed”
• Eliminated by 6 years

Question 2

Fronting

Answer 2

• A front consonant used in place of a back consonant
• “cop” –> “top”
• Eliminated by 3.5 years

Question 3

Stopping

Answer 3

• A stop consonant is used in place of a fricative or affricate
• “fan” –> “pan”
• Eliminated by 4.5 years

Question 4

Depalatalization

Answer 4

• A palatal sound is replaced with a nonpalatal sound
• “fish” –> “fit”
• Eliminated by 5 years

Question 5

Deaffrication

Answer 5

• An affricate sound is replaced with a nonaffricate sound
• “chair” –> “share”
• Eliminated by 4 years

Question 6

Backing

Answer 6

• A back sound is used in place of a front sound
• “dog” –> “gog”
• ATYPICAL

Question 7

Vowelization

Answer 7

• A vowel is used in place of “I” or “er”
• “paper” –> “papo”

Question 8

Reduplication

Answer 8

• Repetition of complete/incomplete syllables
• “water” –> “wawa”
• Eliminated by 3 years

Question 9

Denasalization

Answer 9

• Nasal consonant replaced with non-nasal
• “nose” –> “boze”
• Eliminated by 2.5 years

Question 10

Prevocalic voicing

Answer 10

• Voiceless consonant replaced by a voiced consonant
• “cup” –> “gup”
• Eliminated by 6 years

Question 11

Coalescence

Answer 11

• Two phonemes are substituted with a different (single) phoneme that has similar features
• “spoon” –> “foon”

Question 12

Cluster reduction

Answer 12

• Consonant cluster reduced to a singleton
• “stop” –> “top”
• Eliminated by 5 years

Question 13

Weak syllable deletion

Answer 13

• Weak syllable in word is omitted
• “banana” –> “nana”
• Eliminated by 4 years

Question 14

Epenthesis

Answer 14

• Inserting a sound in between two consonants (usually “uh”)
• “blue” –> “bUHlue”
• Eliminated by 8 years

Question 15

Final consonant deletion

Answer 15

• Leaving the final consonant of the word off
• “nose” –> “no”
• Eliminated by 3 years

Question 16

Initial consonant deletion

Answer 16

• Leaving the first consonant of the word off
• “farm” –> “arm”
• ATYPICAL

Question 17

Metathesis

Answer 17

• Two consonants within a syllable are reordered
• “cup” –> “puck”
• ATYPICAL

Question 18

Substitution processes

Answer 18

• A sound is substituted with another sound in a systematic way
• gliding, fronting, stopping, depalatalization, deaffrication, backing, vowelization

Question 19

Assimilation processes

Answer 19

• A sound changes to become more like another sound in the word
• reduplication, denasalization, prevocalic voicing, coalescence

Question 20

Syllable structure processes

Answer 20

• Sound changes that affect the syllable structure of the word
• cluster reduction, weak syllable deletion, epenthesis, final consonant deletion, initial consonant deletion, metathesis

Question 21

Phonological processes in general

Answer 21

• PHONEMIC in nature: impacts the language rules that govern speech sounds
• general types of processes: SASS: substitution, assimilation, syllable structure