Phonology
Study of abstract categories of the sound system of language
Narrow transcription
Transcription with articulatory details.
Distribution
The different positions in which a speech sound can occur or cannot occur
Complementary distribution
Two sounds that cannot occur at the same time
Released
When a sound is produced with air pressure being released
Unreleased
When a sound is produced without any air pressure being released
Free variation
When speakers can choose which allophone to use
Spectrogram
A graphic representation of frequency distribution in sound waves
Phone
A physical realisation of a speech sound
Allophones
Phones that function as alternate sounds of the same phoneme
Phoneme
Smallest units of sound
Minimal pairs
Sounds that differ in one sound and have different meanings
Neutralisation
When the contrast in phonemes becomes invisible
Final devoicing
A voiced phoneme having a voiceless allophone in the word final position
Velarised/Dark I
Dentoalveolar articulation is more present.
Clear I
More relaxed alveolar position during articulation
t/d flapping
When both /t/ and
/d/ can be realised as [ɾ
Non-rhotic
Variations where r sound does not occur in final word position
Rhotic
Variations where r sound can occur in final word position
Constituents
The elements that make up a syllable
Syllabic consonants
Consonants that occupy the center of a syllable
Onset
The prevocalic slot in the slot for consonants
Nucleus
Slot for a vowel that can be occupied by a vowel, diphthong, or a syllabic consonant
Coda
The postvocalic slots in the slot for consonants
