1
Q
what is the functional unit of the nervous system
A
neurons
2
Q
What are the parts of the nervous system reflex pathway
A
stimulus, sensor, input signal, integrating center, output signal, target, response
3
Q
what does the stimulus do?
A
detects change in internal or external enviorment
4
Q
what does the sensor do
A
monitor conditions and if senses anything sends it to the input signals
5
Q
what do the input signals do
A
sensory afferent nerves that relay sensory info to CNS
6
Q
what is the difference between sensory afferent and motor efferent
A
afferent: arrive, sensory info to brain and spinal cord
efferent: exit, response from CNS to effectors
7
Q
what does the integrating system do
A
Is the CNS, decides on appropriate response
8
Q
What does the output signal do
A
Motor efferent nerves that relay the response
9
Q
what are the targets
A
muscles and glands
10
Q
what kinds of responses are there
A
voluntary(somatic) or involuntary(autonomic)
11
Q
what are the 3 functional types of neurons
A
1) afferent
2)interneurons
3)efferent
12
Q
what do afferent neurons do
A
sensory, detect stimuli in periphery and send info to the integrating center(CNS)
13
Q
what do interneurons do
A
integrative, analyze sensory info, compare and store info and make decisions
14
Q
where are interneurons located
A
completely in CNS
15
Q
what do efferent neurons do
A
motor, send info from CNS to periphery and to effectors(neurons, muscles, and glands)
16
Q
what do dendrites do
A
detect incoming stimuli from sensory receptor or another neuron
17
Q
dendrites have ________
A
stimulus gated channel proteins
18
Q
these gated channel proteins open for what
A
chemical binding, voltage change, temperature change, mechanical change, or change in light
19
Q
what does the cell body contain
A
Nucleus and organelles
20
Q
what is the cell body the site of
A
site of integration
21
Q
what does the cell body do
A
decides what to do about info received from dendrites, contains nucleus and DNA so cell bodies control the metabolic functions of the neuron.
22
Q
the cell body and axon can be found in different places depending on ________
A
the neuron
23
Q
what does the axon do
A
conduct action potentials down the neuron, towards the synapse
24
Q
the axon has ____________
A
voltage gated channel proteins
25
what are axon collaterals
branched axons
26
axons end at a swelling called the _______
axon terminal
27
what nerve in the body has the longest axon
sciatic nerve
28
what is the definition of a nerve
a bundle of neuron axons wrapped in a connective tissue sheath
29
what kinds of neurons can be found in a nerve
motor, sensory, and a mix
30
what is the function of glial cells
support neurons but electrically insulating the axons of some neurons(myelin sheath)
31
what two cells are responsible for myelin sheaths
Schwann cells(PNS) and oligodendrocytes(CNS)
32
what is the first step in the graded potential
stimulus arrives at the dendrite of the receiving neuron
33
what is the second step in the graded potential
binding of ligand opens stimulus gated channel proteins on the dendrite membrane and ion enters(Na+)
34
what is the third step in the graded potential
incoming ion is positive, makes membrane potential inside this neuron become depolarized
35
what is the fourth step in the graded potential
the Na+ ions diffuse in all directions into the neuron(local current flow)
36
does the graded potential become stronger or get weaker with distance
decreases and gets weaker
37
a subthreshold= _______
no action potential
38
a suprathreshold=________
an action potential will be triggered
39
Excitatory post synaptic potential(EPSP) is less or more likely to trigger an action potential
more likely
40
Inhibitory Post synaptic potential(IPSP) is less or more likely to trigger an action potential
less likely
41
inhibitory neurons are positive true or false
False
42
what is the trigger zone
the first segment of the axon where an action potential is initiated
43
what are the steps 1-3 in an action potential mechanism
The incoming graded potential depolarizes the cell due to the incoming positive ions
44
what happens in an action potential steps 3-4
If membrane reaches threshold of -55mV the Na+ voltage gated channel proteins open, the membrane becomes more positive(depolarized)
45
what is step 5 in the action potential mechanism
0.5 millisecond after the start of the action potential K+ voltage gated channel proteins begin to open
46
what is step 6 in an action potential
The opening of the K+ voltage gated channel proteins causes K+ to diffuse from inside to outside the cell. Becomes more negative(repolarized)
47
what is step 7 in the action potential mechanism
The K+ voltage gated channel proteins do all close at once so membrane becomes hyperpolarized(more negative than resting). Then will quickly settle back to resting (-70mV)
48
where do action potentials and graded potentials occur
action potentials: axon
graded potentials: dendrites and cell body
49
what types of gates open for action potentials and graded potentials
action potentials: voltage gated
graded potentials: various types of stimuli
50
what ions are involved in graded potentials and action potentials
action potentials: Na+ and K+
graded potentials: Na+, Cl-, and Ca2+
51
Do graded potentials vary in size? Do action potentials?
graded potentials: yes
action potentials: no
52
do action potentials have long or short distance communication? What about graded potentials
action potentials: long
graded potentials: short
53
how does the sodium potassium pump work
3 Na+ ions outside and 2K+ inside
54
what is the absolute refractory period
1-2 milliseconds where that patch membrane cannot have and overlapping action potential no matter how large the incoming stimulus
55
why do we need refractory periods
to limit the rate in which signals can be transmitted down the axon
56
what is the relative refractory period
there is a period of time (2-4 milliseconds) where the patch can have an overlapping action potential if the incoming stimulus is large enough.
57
why can there be another action potential during the relative refractory period
enough Na+ gates have closed by this time
58
what is the first step in the action potential conduction mechanism
If the graded potential is supra-threshold enough ions flow to the trigger zone of the axon
59
what is step 2 in the action potential conduction mechanism
Na+ voltage gated channel proteins open, Na+ ions rush into the cell and an action potential occurs
60
what is step 3 in the action potential conduction mechanism
Na+ ions enter the cell, they diffuse in all directions, some go downstream making the next patch of axon membrane a little more positive
61
what is step 4 in action potential conduction mechanism
the downstream patch of membrane reaches threshold voltage triggering Na+ gates to open. this starts an action potential
62
why can't the stream go up?
The upstream patch is in recovery during its refractory period
63
what are 3 things that effect action potential conduction speed
1) axon diameter
2) axon myelination
3)temperature of enviorment
64
the larger the diameter=________
faster conduction
65
the smaller the diameter=______
slower conduction speed
66
what is saltatory conduction
myelinated axons(conduct action potentials faster)
67
what is continuous conduction
unmyelinated axons(much slower)
68
what causes multiple sclerosis
immune system attacks myelin
69
do molecules and ions diffuse faster in warmer temperatures?
yes
70
what are the 3 parts of the synapse
axon terminal of pre-synaptic(sending), synaptic cleft(space between cells), membrane of post synaptic neuron muscle or gland(receiving)
71
what are the steps of the synapse mechanism
1) an action potential depolarizes the axon terminal
2) the depolarization opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels and Ca2+ enters the cell
3) calcium entry triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicle contents
4)neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on the postsynaptic cell
5)neurotransmitter binding initiates a response in the postsynaptic cell
72
what are the 3 ways that neurotransmitters are inactivated
1) neurotransmitters can be returned to axon terminals for reuse or transported into glial cells
2)enzymes inactive neurotransmitters
3)neurotransmitters can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft
73
the central nervous system consists of...
brain and spinal cord
74
what is the function of gray matter? and where is it found
function: integration
found: outside the brain, inside the spinal cord
75
what is the function of white matter and where is it found?
function: relay info from one place to another
found: inside of brain, outside spinal cord
76
gray matter is a _______
tissue
77
gray matter mainly consists of
cell bodies(integration)
78
gray matter that is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system are...
nucleus/nuclei
79
gray matter that is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are...
ganglion/ganglia
80
white matter consists mainly of...
myelinated axons
81
what are tracts
group of axons bundled together that are sending action potentials to other groups of neurons
82
tracts in the CNS are equivalent to nerves in the ______
PNS
83
the corpus callosum does what
connects the two brain hemispheres
84
what are the four ways the CNS is protected
1) bone(skull-protects the brain, vertebral column protects the spinal cord)
2)meninges(lie between soft tissue and bone)
3)CSF
4)blood brain barrier
85
what are the layers of the meninges
dura mater: closest to the bone, thickest
arachnoid layer: delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers
pia mater: thin, transparent membrane, adheres to surface of brain
86
where is CSF made?
choroid plexus
87
where is the choroid plexus located
walls of all four ventricles
88
what is the function of blood-brain barrier
Keeps harmful substances in the blood from entering interstitial fluid that bathes brain cells
89
what is the role of astrocytes
a type of glial cell, promotes the formation of tight junctions around brain
90
what types of axons enter through the dorsal root
somatic(body) sensory afferent axons
91
where are the interneurons in the dorsal horn located
gray matter-cell bodies, dendrites
92
where does the dorsal horn take the incoming sensory information
sends it upwards through the somatosensory tracts(white matter) to different parts of the brain
93
what leaves the ventral root of the spinal nerve
All somatic motor efferent axons
94
where are the cell bodies of somatic efferent axons located
ventral horn
95
where do corticospinal tracts take motor information
down to the synapse upon cell bodies of somatic motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
96
ventral root goes to or from the brain
from the brain
97
dorsal root goes to or from the brain
to the brain
98
dorsal tracts are
somatosensory
99
ventral tracts are
corticospinal
100
what does MEV stand for
motor efferent ventral
101
what does SAD stand for
sensory afferent dorsal
102
describe the nucleus
gray matter that is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system
103
describe the ganglion
gray matter that is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
104
what are tracts
groups of axons bundled together that are sending action potentials to other groups of neurons
105
what are meninges
layers of connective tissue membrane that lie between the soft tissue and bone
106
what is the purpose of refractory periods
prevent action potentials from travelling backwards
107
what does the medulla do
the official transition between the spinal cord and the brain
108
how many of the descending tracts cross the other side of the body here
90%
109
what do the nuclei of the medulla control
blood pressure, respiration, swallowing, and vomiting
110
why does the right side of the brain control the left side of the body and vice versa
descending tracts cross at medulla, ascending tracts cross at medulla or at the spinal cord segment where they enter
111
what is the function of the pons
acts as a relay center between the cerebellum and the cerebrum
112
what do the nuclei also help the medulla with
respiration and blood pressure
113
what is the function of the midbrain
small area that mainly functions in eye movement reflexes
114
look toward _________
something passing in the periphery
115
turning head ____________
to look toward noises in the periphery
116
what is the function of the cerebellum
the cerebellum coordinates the execution of skeletal muscle contraction and movement by comparing actual movement with intended movement and making feedback adjustments
117
what does the diencephalon contain
thalamus, hypothalmus, pineal gland
118
what does the thalamus do
relay station for voluntary skeletal muscles, sensory information
119
what is the exception for sensory information through the thalamus
smell
120
what does the hypothalamus physically and functionally link
the nervous system and endocrine system(2 systems that integrate almost ALL reflex control pathways)
121
what does the pineal gland do
responsible for secretion of melatonin
122
what is melatonin
hormone secreted in response to darkness that plays an important role in sleep/wake cycle
123
what are the characteristics of the cerebral cortex
gyri, sulcus, central sulcus, fissure, longitudinal fissure, lateral fissure
124
is left skeletal muscle control right or left
right
125
is left somatic sensory right or left
right
126
is left visual field and spatial relationships left or right
right
127
is artistic and musical right or left side
right
128
is right skeletal muscle control left or right
left
129
is right somatic sensory perception right or left
left
130
is right visual field left or right
left
131
logical, analytical, sequential, mathematical, verbal skills, brocas area for speech and writing are right or left side
left
132
how is a voluntary movement is planned out and initiated
1) decision is done in prefrontal association area, taking into account feedback from all other association areas about the current position of the body
2) the prefrontal association area sends commands to motor association area sends commands to the motor association area which decides which set of muscles to contract in what order
3) the motor association area sends its instructions to the primary motor cortex which initiates muscle contraction through corticospinal descending tracts to somatic motor neurons
133
how is somatosensory information received and processed
1) receptors in skin(touch, temp., pain and itch) and proprioceptors in muscles and joints relay incoming sensory signals through sensory afferent nerves
2) sensory afferent nerves synapse onto interneurons in the spinal cord that ascend through somatosensory tracts up the spinal cord cross over either at the spinal cord or medulla and arrive at the thalamus
3) the thalamus then relays this information to the somatosensory cortex for integration
134
what does the prefrontal association area do
controls some voluntary behaviors and personality traits(directed behavior, punctuality, responsibility, planning, awareness of consequences, decision to move)
135
what does the motor association area do
receives decision for a voluntary movement from the prefrontal association area and decides which set of muscles to contract and in what order
136
what is the gyri
folds on the cerebral cortex formed during embryonic development to help "fit" the growing brain into the skull
137
what is the sulcus
shallow depression between gyri
138
what is the central sulcus
divides frontal and parietal lobes
139
what is the fissure
deep grove between gyri
140
describe the visual association area
integrates incoming visual signals and compares them to stored visual memories
141
give an example of visual association area
you see something that reminds you of your grandmother
142
describe the auditory association area
integrates incoming auditory signals and compares them to stored auditory memories
143
what does the somatosensory association area do
compares new somatosensory signals to stored somatosensory memories(touch can trigger emotions or memories)
144
what does the gustatory cortex do
insular, thalamus receives information from the taste buds in the mouth and relays this to the gustatory cortex for integration
145
what does the visual cortex do
thalamus receives information from light receptors in the retina of the eyes(rods and cones), gets relayed to occipital lobe for integration
146
what does the auditory cortex do
the thalamus receives information from inner ear receptors for sound waves this information is relayed to the temporal lobe for integration
147
what does the olfactory cortex do
olfactory receptors in the nose detect odor chemicals and relay this information to the olfactory bulb
148
which of these do not use the thalamus to relay information
olfactory because the olfactory bulb relays information
149
where do special senses integrate
first at thalamus(except olfaction does not) and finally in special region of cerebral cortex
150
what are some examples of special senses and where do they occur
taste(parietal)
olfaction-smell(temporal)
hearing(temporal)
equilibrium(temporal)
vision(occipital)
151
where do somatic senses integrate
first at thalamus and then in the primary somatosensory cortex(parietal lobe cerebral cortex)
152
what are some examples of somatic senses
skin receptors, touch, temp., pain and itch
153
what are the 4 sensory receptor modalities
1) chemoreceptors
2) mechanoreceptors
3) photoreceptors
4)thermoreceptors
154
what do chemoreceptors best respond to
chemical energy(taste and smell)
155
what do mechanoreceptors best respond to
respond to mechanical energy(pressure, bending)
156
what do photoreceptors best respond to
wavelengths of light energy(eyes)
157
what do thermoreceptors best respond to
thermal energy(skin)
158
less sensitive areas of body have ________ receptive fields that overlap
large
159
less sensitive areas will have _______ ________ in that area
fewer receptors
160
do sensory neurons converge on less sensitive areas?
yes, so that the two stimuli that fall within the same receptive field are perceived as a single stimuli
161
more sensitive areas of the body have ____ small receptive fields that ____ over lap
small, do not
162
do sensory neurons converge on more sensitive areas
no, so the two stimuli that fall onto separate receptive fields are perceived as two stimuli
163
will more sensitive or less sensitive areas have more densely packed receptors
more
164
how does frequency coding determine stimulus intensity
a strong stimulus produces a large graded potential, this triggers very frequent action potentials= more neurotransmitters released
165
how does population coding determine the stimulus intensity
a strong stimulus activates multiple receptors
166
what happens in adaptation
the sensory receptor sends fewer and fewer action potentials, may even stop sending action potentials all together, if stimulus changes in any way the action potential starts up again
167
what happens in habituation
the sensory receptor sends constant action potentials, interneurons in the central nervous system ignore the signals
168
phasic receptors adapt ________ to a constant stimulus and may ______ shut off
quickly, fully
169
give an example of a phasic receptor
light touch receptors, smell
170
tonic receptors adapt _______ to a constant stimulus and may __________ shut off
slowly, never fully
171
what are examples of tonic receptors
pain receptors, blood pressure receptors
172
why do i stop feeling my clothing touching my skin after right after i put clothes on
the receptors for light touch are phasic and adapt rapidly so you stop feeling your clothes on your skin very quickly
173
cold receptors are _______ numerous than warm
more
174
cold receptors respond to temperatures lower than body temperature which is
98 F and 37 C
175
warm receptors are stimulated by temperatures
37C- 45C(98-113F)
176
what temperature triggers pain receptors
anything above 45C
177
temperature receptors adapt within what range
20C- 40C
178
what are nociceptors
pain and itch receptors that are free nerve endings that come in 3 modalities(chemical, mechanical, and thermal)
179
true or false: pain receptors are found in the central nervous system(brain and spinal cord)
false
180
what are proprioceptors
awareness of body position in space(respond to mechanical energy)
181
where do you find olfaction receptors
olfactory epithelium(contains about 5 million olfactory receptor neurons)
182
are olfactory neurons phasic or tonic
phasic(fast adapating)
183
what are the steps of the sensory pathway for olfaction
stimulus: odor chemical is trapped by mucus in upper portion of nasal cavity
receptor: primary sensory neuron nerve endings(olfactory cilia)
afferent path: sensory afferent neurons transmit signal to olfactory bulb
integration: within olfactory bulb
afferent path: secondary sensory afferent neurons (cranial nerve I) in olfactory tract
integration: olfactory cortex and limbic system(gray matter in brain)
184
are tastes perceived equally on the tongue
yes
185
what are the steps for sensory pathway of gustation
stimulus: taste chemical binds to taste receptor cell in a taste bud
receptor: binding triggers release of neurotransmitter from taste receptor cell onto primary sensory neuron
afferent path: primary sensory neuron synapses with medulla, secondary neuron at thalamus
integration: thalamus
afferent path: tertiary sensory neuron synapses at gustatory cortex
integration: gustatory cortex
186
pitch relates to _______
frequency
187
loudness relates to ________
amplitude
188
what is the function of the pinna
acts to funnel sound waves into the ear canal
189
what is the function of the ear canal
conducts sound waves, secretes wax to trap debris
190
what is the function of the tympanic membrane
ear drum, separates the external ear from the middle ear, connected to the malleus(one of the middle ear bones)
191
does the tympanic membrane vibrate when sound waves hit it
yes
192
what is the function of the eustachian tube
opens when chewing, yawning, or swallowing to equilibrate pressure in the middle ear with atmospheric pressure
193
are eustachian tubes normally closed or open
closed(collapsed)
194
what are the function of ossicles
small bones connected to one another(malleus, incus, and stapes)
195
what is the oval window connected to
stapes
196
what is the cochlea
a fluid filled structure that contains receptors for hearing
197
how are the cochlea and oval window connected
vibrations of the oval window causes fluid waves in the cochlea
198
what does the round window do
relieves pressure in cochlea by moving eaves outwards
199
what is conductive hearing loss
no transmission through either external or middle ear
200
what are some causes of conductive hearing loss and how can it be treated
causes: infection, ear derformity, perforated ear drum
treatments: antibiotics, surgery, hearing aids
201
what is central hearing loss
damage to neural pathway between ear and cerebral cortex
202
what causes central hearing loss and what are some solutions
causes: strokes, brain tumors, old age
treatments: very uncommon and may not be treatable
203
what is sensorineural hearing loss
damage to structures of the inner ear
204
what consists of the vestibular apparatus
semi-circular canals, otolith organs of saccule and utricle
205
when you move your head the fluid(endolymph) in the _________ canals ________
semicircular, shifts
206
the shifting of the fluid pushes upon the cupula bending _____ the cupula and the ________ ________
both, hair cells
207
do the cupula and hair cells bend in the opposite or the same direction as the head moves
opposite
208
how does the body do equilibrium through the vestibular apparatus and otolith organs
1) head tips forward or backward( acceleration, or deceleration or vertical forces)
2) otolith crystals move by gravity
3) the gelatinous material shifts
4) the hair cells bend
5)neurotransmitter is released which depolarizes sensory neurons
209
what is the function of the cornea
transparent tissue that refracts(bend) light
210
what does the iris do
pigmented smooth muscle, contract and dilates pupil
211
what is the pupil
opening in iris
212
what is the lens and function
transparent tissue that also refracts light, can change shape to focus light on retina
213
what is the retina
layer of the eye that contains photoreceptors
214
what does the optic disk do
where optic nerve and blood vessels exit the retina(the blind spot)
215
what does the fovea do
region of retina that contains a high concentration of cones, sharpest vison here
216
pupil constriction takes place in the ________ nervous system, so it dominates during ______ and _______
parasympathetic, rest and digest
217
pupil dilation takes place in the _________ nervous system
sympathetic
218
would emergency, excitement, exercise, embarrassment be pupil dilation or constriction and why
dilation, sympathetic nervous system
219
constricts = ______ vision
close
220
dilation = _________ vision
far
221
which muscle contracts with constriction
circular muscle
222
which muscle contracts with dilation
radial muscle
223
what does the ciliary muscle do in causing constriction
contract
224
what does the ciliary muscle do in dilation
relaxes
225
what does contracting of ciliary muscle do to suspensory ligament
slack
226
what does relaxing of ciliary muscle do to suspensory ligament
tight
227
what is the final shape of constriction and what vision does this cause
round(convex), close(near)
228
what is the final shape of dilation and what vision does it cause
flat, far
229
what is hyperopia
farsightedness, cannot focus on near objects
230
what is hyperopia caused by
eyeball being too short or the cornea is not as convex as it should be, the focal point falls behind the retina
231
what can fix hyperopia
convex corrective lens
232
what is myopia
nearsightedness, cannot focus on far objects
233
what causes myopia
eyeball being too long or the cornea is more convex than it should be, the focal point falls in front of the retina
234
how is myopia corrected
concave corrective lens
235
what is presbyopia
gradual loss of accommodation with age, lens loses ability to become convex(curved)
236
true or false you become more farsighted as you get older
true
237
how can you treat presbyopia
bifocals or progressive lens
238
at what age have people lost ability to accommodate? what about have of that ability?
60, 40
239
what is an astigmatism
irregular shaped cornea, not a convex dome
240
what happens due to a misshapen cornea
light rays are refracted in different directions and do not converge in one spot causing a fuzzy image
241
what structure is modified during lasik surgery
the cornea
242
what causes cataracts
lens proteins break down and clump together with age results in a cloudy lens
243
how can you correct this?
incision in cornea and replace cloudy lens with an artificial one
244
do cataracts occur in one or both eyes
can effect one or both and occurs at different rates
245
how does light travel through retinal layers
to optic nerve, bipolar cell, rod, pigment epithelium
246
how do action potentials travel through retinal layers
pigment epithelium, rod, bipolar cell, to optic nerve
247
in the peripheral nervous system what motor response is to skeletal muscles and is voluntary
somatic motor nerves
248
in the peripheral nervous system what motor response is to the smooth and cardiac muscles, glands, adipose(involuntary)
autonomic motor nerves
249
what is the hypothalamus purpose
water balance, temperature, hunger
250
what is the function of pons
urinary bladder, respiration, and blood pressure
251
what is the function of the medulla
respiration, heart rate, and force of contraction, blood pressure, vomiting, swallowing
252
what are the two autonomic nervous systems
1)sympathetic nervous (SNS) and 2)parasympathetic nervous (PSNS) aka rest and digest
253
what is dual innervation
both divisions go to innervate that effector
254
what are some examples of dual innervation
lungs, digestive tract, genitals, heart, pupils of eye
255
what are the exceptions to dual innervation
most blood vessels: increased SNS constricts vessels and decreased SNS dilates vessels
palm sweating: increased SNS increases sweating, decreased SNS decreases sweating
adrenal medulla: SNS stimulates "fight or flight"
256
what is antagonistic control
one division inhibits, other stimulates(opposites)
257
what are some examples of antagonistic control
heart rate: SNS increases while PSNS decreases
digestion: SNS decreases PSNS increases
258
what are the exceptions to antagonistic control
sexual function: PSNS erection(point)
SNS ejaculation(shoot)
saliva production: SNS thick mucus
PSNS watery with enzymes
259
where do sympathetic and parasympathetic exit from spinal cord and brain
sympathetic: thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
parasympathetic: brain stem and sacral regions of the spinal cord
260
what is the difference in divergence in SNS and PSNS
SNS: lots of divergence, widespread effect
PSNS: not much divergence
261
what is the length of the pre-ganglionic neuron in SNS and PSNS
SNS: short
PSNS: long
262
what is the preganglionic neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine
263
what is the preganglionic neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system
acetylcholine
264
the length of the sympathetic post-ganglionic neuron is ______
long
265
the length of the parasympathetic post-ganglionic neuron is ______
short
266
what is the post-ganglionic neurotransmitter for sympathetic nervous system called
norepinephrine
267
what is the post-ganglionic neurotransmitter for parasympathetic nervous system called
acetylcholine
268
why is so much easier to get stressed out than it is to calm down
the sympathetic nervous system preganglionic neurons synapse on many postganglionic neurons-lots of divergence, widespread quick effect
269
Phys Exam 2
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