Physical Development In Infancy

Question 1

2 Patterns of Growth in Infancy:

Answer 1

• Cephalocaudal pattern (top to bottom)
• Proximodistal pattern (from center going outwards)

Question 2

95% of full-term newborns are _____ long and weigh between _____

Answer 2

18 to 22 inches; 5 to 10 pounds

Question 3

Newborns lose 5 to 7 percent of their body weight in the first several days of life. They’re able to gain the weight back once they’ve adjusted to ______

Answer 3

Feeding (sucking, swallowing, and digesting)

Question 4

Once newborns have adjusted to their feeding, they _____

Answer 4

They grow rapidly

• Gaining an average of 5 to 6 ounces per week in the first month.
• Doubled birth weight by 4 months
• Tripled birth weight by the first year.

Question 5

Infant grows 1 inch per month in the first year of life. What happens to growth in the second year?

Answer 5

Growth slows considerably in the second year

Question 6

The infant’s head should be protected from falls or other injuries and should never be shaken

This syndrome occurs when a baby’s brain swells and hemorrhages

Answer 6

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Question 7

A newborn’s brain is _____ of its adult weight, while by 2 years old it is about _____ of its adult weight

Answer 7

25%; 75%

Question 8

Area of the brain farthest from the spinal cord

Answer 8

Forebrain

Question 9

• It covers the forebrain like a wrinkled cap
• Has two hemispheres (left and right hemisphere)

Answer 9

Cerebral cortex

Question 10

Each hemisphere has __________, which work together but serve different functions

Answer 10

Four lobes

Question 11

Function of lobe:

• Voluntary movement
• Intentionality or purpose
• Thinking
• Personality

Answer 11

Frontal Lobe

Question 12

Function of lobe:

• Vision

Answer 12

Occipital Lobe

Question 13

Function of lobe:

• Hearing
• Language processing
• Memory

Answer 13

Temporal Lobe

Question 14

Function of lobe:

• Registering spatial location
• Attention
• Motor control

Answer 14

Parietal Lobe

Question 15

It is the specialization of function in one hemisphere

• Left hemisphere specializes in:
• Right hemisphere specializes in:
• Both hemispheres specialize in:

Answer 15

Lateralization

• Left: Speech and grammar, more logical
• Right: Humor and use of metaphors, more creative
• Both: Complex functions

Question 16

These send electrical and chemical signals in the brain

Also handle information processing

Answer 16

Neurons

Question 17

Changes in Neurons

Carries signal away from the cell body

Answer 17

Axons

Question 18

Changes in Neurons

Carries signal towards the cell body

Answer 18

Dendrites

Question 19

Changes in Neurons

• Encases the axons
• Helps electrical signal travel faster down the axon
• Provides energy to neurons and in communication

Answer 19

Myelin sheath

Question 20

Changes in Neurons

Release chemicals and neurotransmitters into synapses

Answer 20

Terminal buttons

Question 21

Changes in Neurons

• Tiny gaps between neuron’s fibers
• Where chemical interactions occur, which connect axons and dendrites and allow information to pass through neuron to neuron

Answer 21

Synapses

Question 22

Neurons change in two very significant ways during the first years of life:

Answer 22

• Myelination: begins prenatally and continues after birth
• Connectivity among neurons increases, creating new pathways

Question 23

Used Neuron Connections vs Unused Neuron Connections

Answer 23

Connections that are used become strengthened and survive, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear.

Question 24

Changes in Regions of the Brain

Peak occurs at 4 months, followed by a gradual decline until the middle to the end of the preschool years

Answer 24

Visual cortex and hearing and language

Question 25

*Changes in Regions of the Brain* It peaks at **one year of age** it is not until **middle to late adolescence** that the **adult density of synapses** is achieved - In charge of **higher thinking** and **self-regulation**

Answer 25

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 26

The infant’s brain depends on _____ to determine how **connections are made**.

Answer 26

Experience *After birth, the inflowing stream of sights, sounds, smells, touches, language, and eye contact help **shape the brain’s neural connections**.*

Question 27

Newborns sleep approximately _____ hours a day, but this could range from **10 hours to 21 hours**.

Answer 27

18

Question 28

By how old does an infant usually develop an **adult-like sleeping pattern**?

Answer 28

6 months

Question 29

The **most common** infant sleep-related problem

Answer 29

Night Waking

Question 30

Factors that Contribute to Night Waking:

Answer 30

- **Excessive parental involvement** in sleep-related interactions - **Intrinsic factors** such as daytime crying and fussing - **Extrinsic factors** such as distress when separated from the mother, breast feeding, and sleeping with parents in their bed

Question 31

In this type of sleep, the **eyes flutter** beneath closed lids

Answer 31

REM Sleep

Question 32

In this type of sleep, **eye movement does not occur** and sleep is more quiet.

Answer 32

Non-REM Sleep

Question 33

Benefits of **Shared Sleeping / Co-Sleeping**:

Answer 33

- Promotes breastfeeding - Quicker response to the baby’s cries - Allows the mother to detect potentially dangerous breathing pauses in the baby

Question 34

However, why does **Task Force on Infant Positioning** discourage shared sleeping?

Answer 34

- Bed sharing increases the risk that the mother will **roll over onto her baby** - Increases the risk of **sudden infant death syndrome** - Shared sleeping is **more risky**, especially if caregivers are **impaired by alcohol, smoking, or being overly tired**

Question 35

- A condition that occurs when infants **stop breathing**, usually during the night, and **die suddenly without an apparent cause** - Highest cause of infant death in the US

Answer 35

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Question 36

**American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)** has recommended that infants be placed to sleep _____ to reduce the risk of SIDS.

Answer 36

On their backs

Question 37

It is a high risk for SIDS because it **impairs the infant’s arousal from sleep** and **restricts the infant’s ability to swallow effectively** Sleeping on **stomach**

Answer 37

Prone Sleeping

Question 38

Risk factors for SIDS:

Answer 38

1. Less likely in infants who use a pacifier to sleep 2. Low birth weight 3. Infants with siblings who have died from SIDS 4. Infants with sleep apnea 5. African American and Eskimo infants 6. Lower socioeconomic groups 7. Passively exposed to cigarette smoke 8. Infants who sleep in soft bedding 9. Less common in a bedroom with a fan 10. Infants with abnormal brain stem functioning involving the neurotransmitter serotonin

Question 39

Nutritionists recommend that infants consume approximately _____ per day for **each pound they weigh**

Answer 39

50 calories

Question 40

Improved motor skills: Change from **suck and swallow** to _____, and **being fed by others** to _____

Answer 40

Chew and swallow; self-feeding

Question 41

At **1 year old**, infants are able to sit independently, chew, and swallow a range of textures. Infants need to have a diet that includes:

Answer 41

A **variety of foods** – especially fruits and vegetables.

Question 42

Benefits of Breast-feeding:

Answer 42

**For the child:** ▪ Fewer gastrointestinal infections ▪ Lower respiratory tract infections ▪ Protects against wheezing in babies ▪ Less likely to develop otitis media ▪ Less likely to develop atopic dermatitis ▪ Less likely to become overweight or obese in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood ▪ Less likely to develop type 1 diabetes in childhood and type 2 diabetes in adulthood ▪ Less likely to experience SIDS **For the mother:** ▪ Lower incidence of breast cancer ▪ Reduction in ovarian cancer ▪ Small reduction in type 2 diabetes ▪ Lower incidence of metabolic syndrome

Question 43

Women less likely to breastfeed:

Answer 43

- Full-time outside of the home - Mothers < 25 - Mothers without a high school education - African American mothers - Mothers in low-income circumstances

Question 44

Circumstances wherein mother should not breastfeed:

Answer 44

- Infected with **HIV or other infectious diseases** - Active tuberculosis - Taking any drug not safe for the infant

Question 45

Caused by severe **protein-calorie deficiency** and results in a **wasting away of body tissues** in the infant’s first year. **Deficiency of all macronutrients** — protein, carbohydrates and fats *Child is **skinny and frail all throughout***

Answer 45

Marasmus

Question 46

Caused by **severe protein deficient** *Child is skinny but has a **bloated stomach***

Answer 46

Kwashiorkor