name 3 processes that shaped the U.K landscape in the past
Geology
Glaciation
tectonic processes
how Geology use to shape the land
The UK used to be covered in the sea, fish and coral died and fell to the bottom where they became sedimentary rock.
how glaciation use to shape the land ( 3 things)
1.eroded land in upland areas and deposit this in lowland areas
2.U-shaped valleys created in the Lake District
3.Soft clay in the east of England was deposited by glaciers when they retreated.
name the 3 weathering processes
1.Physical
2.chemical
3.biological
def of Chemical weathering
rocks reacting to acid in rainwater/ sea
def of Physical weathering
Physical changes in the weather ( temperature)
e.g.) freeze thaw
def of Biological weathering
plants and animals
Upland features ( name 3)
- streams due to high precipitation and impermeable rock
- Crags are exposed rock faces where physical weathering prevents vegetation growth
- Ribbon lakes
Human impact on the landscape
Yorkshire dale (uplands)
- dry stone walls (mark field boundaries)
- longhouses from limestone rock
- farmers reared animals (sheep as soil is thin and infertile)
Human impact on the landscape
East Anglia (lowland)
- hedges (mark field boundaries)
- homes from flint
- Farmers grow crops as the boulder clay is fertile and machinery can be used on flat land
name the 4 Erosion processes and what it is
1.Abrasion – sediment carried by the river rubs against the bed and bank wearing them away.
2.Solution – river water is slightly acidic, so it dissolves some rocks and minerals.
3. Attrition - sediment particles carried in the river hit off each other causing them to get smaller and rounder.
4. hydraulic action – water forces air into cracks increasing pressure and wearing them away
4 facts about the river seven uplands
1.2500mm of rain a year
2. Geology is hard and impermeable
3.River erodes vertically creating a v shaped valley
4. processes such as soil creep and landslides occur
3 fact about the river seven middle course
- rocks are softer and more permeable such as sandstone
- 700mm a year rainfall
- Deposition occurs on meander bends and floodplains
3 facts about the river seven lowlands
- channel is wide, deep and smooth causing less friction
- Discharge is at its greatest as tributaries have joined
- Geology is mainly softer and the water is muddier as it is carrying a heavier load
name the 4 Transportation processes and what they are
- suspension – fine, light material is carried along by the river.
- Traction – large boulders are rolled along the riverbed.
- Solution – minerals are dissolved and carried in the water.
- Saltation – small pebbles and stones are bounced along the riverbed
Sheffield case study:
when and how much prolonged rain was there that caused the flood
in June 2007
15th June 90mm of rain fell, saturating the soil. 25th June heavier rain occurred. 100mm fell in 24 hours
Sheffield landscape
- many steep hills leading to fast surface runoff
- foot of the pennies where three rivers meet
- Reservoirs were filled and overflowed
Sheffield human causes for the flood
an urbanised area
Drains become blocked and overflowed
def of hard engineering
use of solid structures to resist the forces of erosion. Often expensive but effective
def of soft engineering
works with natural processes. Looks natural but does not stop flooding
what is Geological Structure
the way the strata (bands) of rock lie at the coastline,
different between concordant and discordant coastline
concordant runs parallel to the coast
discordant runs perpendicular to the coast
example of mass movement and how its caused
rockfall: a mass of falling or fallen rocks
slumping: occurs when a mass of rock or soil moves down a slope in a rotational manner
sliding: occurs when a portion of the soil or rock along a steep slope suddenly gives away and moves downhill, usually aided by heavy rainfall
name the 3 marine processors
- erosion processes
- transportation
- deposition
