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Physics Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Which of the following scientists were instrumental in the initial development of CT?
  2. Alan Cormack
  3. Raymond Damadian
  4. Geodfrey Hounsfield
  5. Paul Lauterbur
A

B. Only 1 & 3 are correct

Alan Cormack & Geodfrey Hounsfield

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2
Q
  1. The principal advantage of CT over projection radiography is?
A. Speed of image acquisition 
B. Energy resolution 
C. Contrast resolution 
D. Spatial resolution 
E. Temporal resolution
A

C. Contrast Resolution

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3
Q
  1. Which of the following terms does not fit?
A. Section
B. Slice
C. Tomos
D. Axial
E. Volume
A

E. Volume

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4
Q
  1. Computed Tomography is otherwise identified as
A. Emission tomography 
B. Transmission tomography 
C. Reflection tomography 
D. Temporal tomography 
E. Volumetric tomography
A

B. Transmission tomography

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5
Q
  1. When compared to projection radiography, conventional tomography shows
A. Better spatial resolution 
B. Improved contrast resolution 
C. Reduced patient dose
D. Relaxed quality control 
E. Less operator involvement
A

B. Improved contrast resolution

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6
Q
  1. Which of the following involves emission of a signal from a patient?
A. CT
B. Diagnostic ultrasound 
C. Magnetic resonance imaging 
D. projection radiography 
E. Spiral CT
A

C. Magnetic resonance imaging

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7
Q
  1. The data acquisition in CT results in a/an
A. Oblique image
B. Transverse image
C. Sagittal image
D. Coronal image
E. Volume image
A

B. Transverse image

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8
Q

Which of the following scientists received the Nobel Prize for their work leading to ct?

  1. Alan Cormack
  2. Raymond Damadian
  3. Geodfrey Hounsfield
  4. Paul Lauterbur
A

B. Only 1 & 3 are correct

Alan Cormack & Geodfrey Hounsfield

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9
Q

Which of the following are characteristic limitations of CT?

  1. Spatial resolution
  2. Artifact generation
  3. Z-axis resolution
  4. Patient dose
A

All are correct

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10
Q
  1. A characteristic feature of a projection radiograph is
A. Poor spatial resolution 
B. Lengthy data acquisition 
C. Difficult quality control requirements 
D. Tissue superimposition
E. Excessive patient dose
A

D. Tissue superimposition

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11
Q
  1. Which of the following finds application in bone mineral assay for evaluation of osteoporosis?
A. Radioisotope emission tomography 
B. Conventional tomography 
C. CT
D. Projection radiography 
E. Fluoroscopy
A

C. CT

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12
Q
  1. Which of the following involves emission of a signal from a patient
A. CT
B. Diagnostic ultrasound 
C. Projection radiography 
D. Radioisotope imaging
E. Spiral CT
A

D. Radioisotope imaging

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13
Q
  1. Compared to projection radiography, conventional tomography results in improved contrast resolution because
A. Imaging time is reduced
B. Out of plane tissues are blurred
C tissues are superimposed 
D. Precise beam collimation is employed 
E. The x-ray beam is selectively filtered.
A

B. Out of plane tissues are blurred

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14
Q
  1. Computed tomography results in improved contrast resolution because
A. Digital techniques are employed 
B. Tissue superimposition is reduced 
C. Tissues are superimposed 
D. Precise beam collimation is employed 
E. kVp is significantly increased
A

D. Precise beam collimation is employed

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15
Q
  1. Computed tomography (CT) results in a/an
    a. analogue image
    b. linear image
    c. digital image
    d. curvilinear image
    e. image in time
A

C. Digital image

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16
Q
  1. The mathematics of back projection applied to image reconstruction in CT is credited to
A. Alan Cormack 
B. Raymond Damadian 
C. Geodfrey Hounsfield 
D. Frank Lauterbur 
E. Perry Sprawls
A

A. Alan Cormack

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17
Q
  1. Place the following in chronological order
  2. CT
  3. electron beam CT (EBCT)
  4. Multisection computed tomography
  5. Spiral CT
A

1 CT
2 EBCT
4 Spiral CT
3 multisection computed tomography

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18
Q
  1. The term “projection,” when applied to CT, refers to

A. Speed of image acquisition
B. A data set representing x-ray attenuation in the patient
C. The size of the x-ray beam projected on the patient.
D. The shape of the x-ray beam projected on the patient
E. The mathematics of image reconstruction

A

B. A data set representing x-Ray attenuation in the patient.

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19
Q
  1. Compared to projection radiography, conventional tomography will improve
  2. Contrast resolution
    2 patient dose
    3 superimposition of tissues
    4 spatial resolution
A

B. Only 1 & 3 are correct

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20
Q
  1. Which of the following image modalities are likely to have less scatter radiation affecting the image
A

D. CT

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21
Q
  1. What is the principal cause of reduced contrast in projection radiography?
A. Useful beam radiation 
B. Scatter radiation 
C. Leakage radiation 
D. Collimation 
E. kVp
A

B. Scatter radiation

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22
Q
  1. The first CT image was demonstrated by
A Alan Cormack 
B Raymond Damadian
C Geodfrey Hounsfield 
D Frank Lauterbur 
E Larry Rothenberg
A

C Geodfrey Hounsfield

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23
Q
  1. The principal advantage of CT over conventional tomography is
A. Speed of image acquisition 
B. Reduced patient dose
C. Improved contrast resolution 
D. Improved spatial resolution 
E. Fewer artifacts
A

C. Improved contrast resolution

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24
Q
  1. Which of the following image modalities appeared first?
A. Emission imaging with radioisotopes
B. Diagnostic ultrasound 
C. Projection radiography 
D. Electron beam CT (EBCT)
E. Spiral CT
A

C. Projection radiography

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25
25. Image presentation in conventional tomography is ``` A. Axial B. Coronal C. Sagittal D. Transverse E. Volumetric ```
A. axial
26
26. When compared to projection radiography, conventional tomography shows ``` A. Better spatial resolution B. Less tissue superimposition C. Reduced patient dose D. Relaxed quality control E. Less operator involvement ```
B. Less tissue superimposition
27
27. Compared to CT, film/screen radiography will give 1. Better spatial resolution 2. Lower entrance surface dose for a single image 3. Lower tube heating for a single image 4. better low contrast resolution
Only 1, 2, & 3 are correct Better spatial resolution Lower entrance surface dose for a single image Lower tube heating for a single image.
28
1. Which of the following is characteristic of a first generation CT imager? ``` A. Detector array B. Fan beam C. Pencil beam D. Rotate geometry E. Slip ring technology ```
C. Pencil beam
29
2. Which of the following CT imagers is often referred to as the heart scan? ``` A. Second generation B. Third generation C. Fourth generation D. Electron beam E. Spiral ```
D. Electron beam
30
3. Which of the following is a particular characteristic of fourth generation CT imagers? ``` A. Fan x-ray beam geometry B. Multielement detector array C. 1 s imaging time D. Fixed detector array E. Rotate-translate motion ```
D. Fixed detector array
31
4. Which of the following CT imagers has no mechanical moving parts in the gantry? ``` A. Second generation B. Third generation C. Fourth generation D. Electron beam E. Spiral ```
D. Electron beam
32
5. Which of the following is characteristic of a first generation CT imager? ``` A. Detector array B. Fan beam C. Five minute imaging time D. Rotate beam E. Slip ring technology ```
C. Five minute imaging time
33
6. Which of the following features led to the development of the spiral CT imager? ``` A. Megaheat unit x-ray tubes B. Molybdenum/ rhodium targeted x-ray tubes C. Electronic slip rings D. High-frequency generators E. Fast reconstruction algorithms ```
C. Electron slip rings
34
7. Ring artifacts are characteristic of? ``` A. First-generation CT B. Second generation CT C. Third generation CT D. Fourth generation CT E. Spiral CT ```
C. Third generation CT
35
8. Which of the following is characteristic of a second generation CT imager? ``` A. Able to image head only, not body B. Five minute imaging time C. Pencil shaped x-ray beam D. Single image projection per translation E. Translate rotate motion ```
E. Translate rotate motion
36
9. The principal advantage to electron beam CT ( EBCT) is ``` A. Imaging without x-rays B. Large volume imaging C. One second imaging time D. Removal of ring artifacts E. Subsecond imaging time ```
E. Subsecond imaging time
37
10 Which of the following is characteristic of a second generation CT imager? ``` A. Able to image head only, not body B. Five minute imaging time C. Pencil shaped x-ray beam D. Single image projection per translation E. Thirty second imaging time ```
E. Thirty second imaging time
38
11. During spiral CT, the motion of the patient couch is ``` A. Stationary B. Rotating C. Advanced step wise D. Alternating advance retreat E. Continuously advanced ```
E. Continuously advanced
39
12. Which of the following are characteristic of a first generation CT imager? 1. Pencil beam 2. Single detector 3. Translate rotate motion 4. No body imaging
All are correct. Pencil beam Single detector Translate rotate motion No body imaging
40
13. Current design of electron beam CT (EBCT) allows for simultaneous production of ``` A. A single slice B. Two slices C. Four slices D. Eight slices E. Sixteen slices ```
D. Eight slices
41
14. Which of the following is characteristic of a second generation CT imager? 1. Fan shaped x-ray beam 2. Detector array 3. Translate rotate motion 4. Capable of imaging head & body
E. All are correct
42
15. X-radiation produced by an electron beam ( EBCT) imager is emitted from a/an ``` A. Electron plasma B. Electron tungsten plasma C. Rotating tungsten disk D. Rotating semicircular tungsten ring E. Fixed tungsten semicircular ring ```
E. Fixed tungsten semicircular ring
43
16. Which of the following employ(s) fan beam geometry? 1. Second generation CT 2. Third generation CT 3. Fourth generation CT 4. Spiral CT
All are correct Second generation CT Third generation CT Fourth generation CT Spiral CT
44
Which of the following is characteristic of a third generation CT imager? ``` A. Pencil beam x-ray geometry B. Single radiation detector C. Curvilinear detector array D. 30 s imaging time E. Single image projection per rotation ```
C. Curvilinear detector array
45
18. The source of x-rays in an electron beam CT (EBCT) imager is a ? A. High capacity fixed anode x-ray tube B. High rotating anode x-ray tube C. Tungsten target ring D. Special molybdenum targeted x-ray tube E. Special molybdenum/rhodium targeted x-ray tube
C. Tungsten target ring
46
19. One characteristic of a third generation CT imager is ``` A. Pencil x-ray beam B. Linear detector array C. Curvilinear detector array D. 5 s imaging E. Single image projection per rotation ```
C. Curvilinear detector array
47
20. Which of the following is characteristic of a first generation CT imager? ``` A. Detector array B. Fan Beam C. Rotate beam D. Single image projection per translation E. Slip ring technology ```
D. Single image projection per translation
48
21. A half scan might be implemented during third generation CT imaging in order to? ``` A. Improve spatial resolution B. Improve contrast resolution C. Reduce motion blur D. Reduce detector blur E. Allow higher technique ```
C. Reduce motion blur
49
22. Which of the following CT imagers has a moving source of radiation? 1. Second generation 2. Third generation 3. Fourth generation 4. Electron beam
All are correct
50
23. Which of the following are characteristic of a fourth generation CT imager? 1. Translate rotate motion 2. Pencil beam 3. Linear detector array 4. fixed detector array
4 fixed detector array
51
24. Which of the following is characteristic of a first generation ct imager? ``` A. Detector array B. Fan beam C. Rotate beam D. Slip ring technology E. Translate rotate motion ```
E. Translate rotate motion
52
25. Which of the following is characteristic of a second generation CT imager? A. Able to image head only, not body B. Five minute imaging time C. Multiple image projection per translation D. Pencil shaped x-ray beam E. Single image projection per translation
C. Multiple image projection per translation
53
26. The mechanical motion of the x-ray tube/ detector array in a fourth generation CT imager is ``` A. Translate-translate B. Translate-rotate C. Rotate-Rotate D. Rotate-Stationary E. Stationary-rotate ```
D. Rotate-stationary
54
27. Concerning CT 1. Most CT units are now designed to obtain direct sagittal images. 2. Doubling the mA will reduce the noise by a factor of two. 3. X-ray tubes are operated between 60 & 80 kVp 4. Typical slice widths range from 1 to 10 mm.
D. Only 4 is correct
55
28. Which of the following is characteristic of electron beam CT. (EBCT)? A. Can generate an effective spiral image detection B. Requires an x-ray tube with excess of 5 MHU capacity C. Is subject to annoying artifacts D. Employs rotate-rotate geometry E. Produces four contiguous images simultaneously
E. Produces four contiguous images simultaneously- book says 8 slices.
56
29. Of the following CT imagers, which is likely to have fastest scan time? ``` A. Second generation B. Third generation C. Fourth generation D. Electron beam E. Spiral ```
D. Electron beam
57
30. The principal advantage of third-generation over second-generation CT imagers is ``` A. Imaging w/out x-rays B. Large volume imaging C. 1 s imaging time D. Removal of ring artifacts E. Subsecond imaging time ```
C. 1 s imaging time
58
31. Which of the following CT imagers does not use an X-ray tube? ``` A. Second generation B. Third generation C. Fourth generation D. Spiral E. Electron beam ```
E. Electron beam
59
32. Which of the following is the single feature that characterizes third- generation CT imaging? ``` A. Fast imaging time B. Acquisition of simultaneous image projections C. Rotate-rotate motion D. Fan beam x-ray geometry E. Curvilinear detector array ```
C. Rotate-rotate motion
60
33. Which of the following is characteristic of a second-generation CT imager? 1. Translate-rotate motion 2. Five minute imaging time 3. A detector array 4. Pencil x-ray beam
B. Only 1 & 3 are correct
61
34. The principal advantage to spiral CT is ``` A. Subsecond imaging time B. 1 s imaging time C. Removal of ring artifacts D. Large volume imaging E, imaging without x-rays ```
D. Large volume imaging
62
35. When compared to third-generation, fourth-generation CT imagers usually have ``` A. Higher patient dose B. Better spatial resolution C. Better contrast resolution D. More noise E. More artifacts ```
A. Higher patient dose
63
36. Which of the following is characteristic of a first-generation CT imager? ``` A. Detector array B. Fan beam C. Rotate beam D. Single radiation detector E. Slipping technology ```
D. Single radiation detector
64
37. Which image artifact is characteristic of third-generation CT imagers? ``` A. Beam hardening B. Motion C ring D spoke E. Streak ```
C. Ring
65
38. In an electron beam CT (EBCT) imager the radiation used to produce the image is a ``` A. Fixed electron B. Fixed x-ray beam C. Mixed beam of electrons & x-Rays D. Scanned electron beam E. Scanned x-ray beam ```
E. Scanned x-ray beam
66
39. Which of the following CT imagers is not limited by x-ray target heat dissipation? ``` A. Second generation B. Third generation C. Fourth generation D. Electron beam E. Spiral ```
D. Electron beam
67
40. Which of the following is characteristic of a first-generation CT imager? 1. Fan-shaped x-ray beam 2. Detector array 3. 30 s imaging time 4. Single image projection per translation
Single image projection per translation.
68
41. Which of the following CT imagers is capable of 50 ms imaging time? ``` A. Second generation B. Third generation C. Fourth generation D. Electron beam E. Spiral ```
D. Electron beam
69
42. Which of the following CT imagers finds principal application in cardiac imaging? ``` A. Second generation B. Third generation C. Fourth generation D. Spiral E. Electron beam ```
E. Electron beam
70
43. Which of the following is characteristic of a second-generation CT imager? ``` A. Able to image head only, not body B. Fan-shaped x-ray beam C. Five minute imaging time D. Pencil-shaped x-ray beam E. Single image projection per translation ```
B. Fan-shaped x-ray beam
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