1
Q
Define kinematics.
A
The branch of mechanics that describes the motion of objects without considering forces.
2
Q
What is Newton’s first law?
A
An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a net external force.
3
Q
True or false: Mass is a measure of an object’s resistance to acceleration.
A
TRUE
Mass is a scalar quantity measured in kilograms.
4
Q
Fill in the blank: Momentum is the product of mass and _______.
A
velocity
5
Q
What does work measure in physics?
A
The energy transferred when a force is applied to an object over a distance.
6
Q
Define energy.
A
The capacity to do work or produce change, measured in joules.
7
Q
What is the law of conservation of energy?
A
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
8
Q
True or false: Kinetic energy depends on mass and speed.
A
TRUE
Kinetic energy is given by the formula KE = 1/2 mv².
9
Q
Fill in the blank: Potential energy is stored energy due to an object’s _______.
A
position
10
Q
What is gravitational potential energy?
A
Energy an object possesses due to its height above the ground, calculated as mgh.
11
Q
Define force.
A
An interaction that causes an object to accelerate, measured in newtons.
12
Q
What is friction?
A
The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.
13
Q
True or false: Friction always acts in the direction of motion.
A
FALSE
Friction acts opposite to the direction of motion.
14
Q
Fill in the blank: Acceleration is the rate of change of _______.
A
velocity
15
Q
What is centripetal force?
A
A force that acts on an object moving in a circular path, directed towards the center.
16
Q
Define work-energy principle.
A
The work done on an object equals the change in its kinetic energy.
17
Q
What is power in physics?
A
The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred, measured in watts.
18
Q
True or false: Power is the same as energy.
A
FALSE
Power is energy per unit time, not energy itself.
19
Q
Fill in the blank: Hooke’s Law states that the force is proportional to the _______.
A
extension
20
Q
What is elastic potential energy?
A
Energy stored in elastic materials as the result of their stretching or compressing.
21
Q
Define thermal energy.
A
The total kinetic energy of particles in a substance, related to temperature.
22
Q
What is heat transfer?
A
The movement of thermal energy from one object or substance to another.
23
Q
True or false: Conduction occurs in fluids.
A
FALSE
Conduction occurs primarily in solids; convection occurs in fluids.
24
Q
Fill in the blank: Convection is the transfer of heat through _______.
A
fluid motion
25
What is **radiation** in terms of heat transfer?
The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves, such as infrared radiation.
26
Define **thermodynamics**.
The branch of physics that deals with heat, work, temperature, and energy.
27
What is the **first law of thermodynamics**?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed or transferred.
28
True or false: **Entropy** measures the disorder of a system.
TRUE
## Footnote
Higher entropy indicates greater disorder and less usable energy.
29
Fill in the blank: The **second law of thermodynamics** states that entropy in an isolated system _______.
always increases
30
What is **electric charge**?
A property of subatomic particles that causes them to experience a force in an electric field.
31
Define **current**.
The flow of electric charge, measured in amperes.
32
What is **voltage**?
The electric potential difference between two points, measured in volts.
33
True or false: **Resistance** opposes the flow of electric current.
TRUE
## Footnote
Resistance is measured in ohms.
34
Fill in the blank: **Ohm's Law** states that voltage equals current times _______.
resistance
35
What is **series circuit**?
A circuit where components are connected end-to-end, so current flows through each component.
36
Define **parallel circuit**.
A circuit where components are connected across common points, allowing multiple paths for current.
37
What is **electromagnetism**?
The interaction between electric charges and magnetic fields.
38
True or false: **Magnetic fields** can exist without electric currents.
FALSE
## Footnote
Magnetic fields are produced by moving electric charges.
39
Fill in the blank: **Faraday's Law** states that a changing magnetic field induces an _______.
electromotive force
40
What is **induction**?
The process of generating an electric current by changing magnetic fields.
41
Define **wave**.
A disturbance that transfers energy through space or matter, typically characterized by oscillations.
42
What is the **wavelength** of a wave?
The distance between successive crests or troughs of a wave.
43
True or false: **Frequency** is the number of waves passing a point per unit time.
TRUE
## Footnote
Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz).
44
Fill in the blank: The **speed of a wave** is calculated by multiplying frequency by _______.
wavelength
45
What is **refraction**?
The bending of waves as they pass from one medium to another due to a change in speed.
46
Define **diffraction**.
The spreading of waves when they encounter an obstacle or pass through an opening.
47
What is **interference**?
The phenomenon that occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine to form a new wave.
48
True or false: **Constructive interference** occurs when waves are out of phase.
FALSE
## Footnote
Constructive interference occurs when waves are in phase, reinforcing each other.
49
Fill in the blank: **Destructive interference** occurs when waves are _______.
out of phase
50
What is **sound**?
A type of mechanical wave that travels through a medium, perceived by the ear.
51
Define **light**.
Electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye.
52
What is the **photoelectric effect**?
The emission of electrons from a material when it absorbs light or electromagnetic radiation.
53
True or false: **Light** behaves only as a wave.
FALSE
## Footnote
Light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties.
54
Fill in the blank: **Refraction** occurs due to a change in the _______ of light.
speed
55
What is **quantum theory**?
A fundamental theory in physics describing the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles.
56
Define **nuclear physics**.
The branch of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their interactions.
57
What is **radioactivity**?
The process by which unstable atomic nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation.
58
True or false: **Alpha particles** are the least penetrating form of radiation.
TRUE
## Footnote
Alpha particles can be stopped by a sheet of paper.
59
Fill in the blank: **Beta decay** involves the emission of _______.
beta particles
60
What is **nuclear fission**?
The splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei, releasing energy.
61
Define **nuclear fusion**.
The process where two light atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy.
62
What is the **strong nuclear force**?
The force that holds protons and neutrons together in an atomic nucleus.
63
True or false: **Weak nuclear force** is responsible for beta decay.
TRUE
## Footnote
It governs the process of particle interactions in weak decays.
64
Fill in the blank: The **Higgs boson** is associated with the _______ field.
Higgs
65
What is **astrophysics**?
The branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of celestial objects and phenomena.
66
Define **cosmology**.
The study of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the universe.
67
What is **dark matter**?
A form of matter that does not emit light or energy, detectable through its gravitational effects.
68
True or false: **Dark energy** is responsible for the acceleration of the universe's expansion.
TRUE
## Footnote
It makes up about 68% of the universe.
69
Fill in the blank: The **Big Bang Theory** describes the _______ of the universe.
origin
70
What is **redshift**?
The phenomenon where light from an object is shifted to longer wavelengths as it moves away.
71
Define **black hole**.
A region of space where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing can escape from it.
72
What is **supernova**?
A powerful explosion of a star at the end of its life cycle, often resulting in a neutron star or black hole.
73
What are the **base SI units**?
* metre
* kilogram
* second
* ampere
* kelvin
* mole
## Footnote
These units form the foundation for all measurements in the International System of Units.
74
Define **derived units**.
Combinations of base units (e.g., N = kg·m·s⁻²)
## Footnote
Derived units are created by combining base units to measure more complex quantities.
75
What is the difference between **scalars** and **vectors**?
Scalars have magnitude only; vectors have both magnitude and direction
## Footnote
This distinction is crucial in physics for understanding different types of quantities.
76
What are the two types of **errors** in measurements?
* Systematic errors
* Random errors
## Footnote
Understanding these errors is essential for improving measurement accuracy.
77
Differentiate between **precision** and **accuracy**.
Precision refers to consistency; accuracy refers to correctness
## Footnote
Both terms are important in evaluating the quality of measurements.
78
What is **uncertainty propagation**?
* Absolute uncertainty
* Fractional uncertainty
* Percentage uncertainty
## Footnote
These methods are used to calculate the uncertainty in a result based on the uncertainties of the individual measurements.
79
What does **resolution** mean in measurements?
Smallest measurable change
## Footnote
Resolution determines the smallest increment that can be detected by a measuring instrument.
80
Calculate **percentage uncertainty** using the formula.
(absolute uncertainty / measured value) × 100
## Footnote
This formula helps quantify the uncertainty relative to the size of the measurement.
81
When adding or subtracting quantities, how do you handle uncertainties?
Add absolute uncertainties
## Footnote
This approach ensures that the total uncertainty reflects the individual uncertainties of the measurements.
82
When multiplying or dividing quantities, how do you handle uncertainties?
Add percentage uncertainties
## Footnote
This method maintains the relative uncertainty in the result.
83
What are the components of the **structure of the atom**?
* Nucleons
* Isotopes
## Footnote
Nucleons include protons and neutrons, while isotopes are variants of elements with different neutron counts.
84
Name the two types of **fundamental particles**.
* Quarks
* Leptons
## Footnote
These particles are the building blocks of matter in the universe.
85
What are **hadrons** composed of?
* Baryons (proton, neutron)
* Mesons (pions, kaons)
## Footnote
Hadrons are composite particles made of quarks.
86
What is the quark composition of a **proton**?
p = uud
## Footnote
This notation indicates the types of quarks that make up a proton.
87
What is the quark composition of a **neutron**?
n = udd
## Footnote
This notation shows the quark types that constitute a neutron.
88
What is the formula for **photon energy**?
E = hf = hc/λ
## Footnote
This equation relates the energy of a photon to its frequency and wavelength.
89
What is the **photoelectric effect**?
Involves threshold frequency and work function
## Footnote
This phenomenon demonstrates the particle nature of light and its interaction with matter.
90
What are the two types of **wave**?
* Transverse
* Longitudinal
## Footnote
These classifications describe how waves propagate through different mediums.
91
What is the **wave equation**?
v = fλ
## Footnote
This equation relates wave speed (v), frequency (f), and wavelength (λ).
92
Define **phase difference**.
Difference in phase between two points in a wave
## Footnote
Phase difference is crucial for understanding interference patterns.
93
What is **superposition** in wave theory?
The principle that waves can add together
## Footnote
This principle explains how multiple waves interact in a medium.
94
What are **stationary waves** characterized by?
* Nodes
* Antinodes
## Footnote
These features are critical for understanding standing wave patterns in various applications.
95
What is **diffraction**?
Bending of waves around obstacles
## Footnote
Diffraction is an important concept in wave behavior, particularly in optics.
96
What is the **path difference** for constructive interference?
nλ
## Footnote
This condition must be met for waves to constructively interfere and amplify each other.
97
What is the **path difference** for destructive interference?
((n + 1/2)λ)
## Footnote
This condition leads to cancellation of waves, resulting in reduced amplitude.
98
What is the formula for **fringe spacing**?
w = λD/s
## Footnote
This formula is used in experiments like Young's double slit to determine the spacing between interference fringes.
99
What do **motion graphs** represent?
* Displacement
* Velocity
* Acceleration
## Footnote
These graphs are essential for visualizing and analyzing motion in physics.
100
What are the **SUVAT equations** used for?
Describing motion with constant acceleration
## Footnote
These equations relate displacement, initial velocity, final velocity, acceleration, and time.
101
State **Newton’s laws**.
* First law: Inertia
* Second law: F = ma
* Third law: Action-reaction
## Footnote
These laws form the foundation of classical mechanics.
102
Define **momentum**.
Product of mass and velocity
## Footnote
Momentum is a vector quantity that describes the motion of an object.
103
What is the relationship between **work**, **energy**, and **power**?
* Work: energy transfer
* Energy: capacity to do work
* Power: rate of doing work
## Footnote
These concepts are interconnected in physics and engineering.
104
What does **Hooke’s law** state?
Force is proportional to extension
## Footnote
This law describes the behavior of elastic materials under stress.
105
What is the formula for **elastic potential energy**?
(1/2)kx²
## Footnote
This formula calculates the energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring.
106
What is **Young's modulus**?
Stress / strain
## Footnote
Young's modulus is a measure of the stiffness of a material.
107
What are the key concepts of **electricity**?
* Charge
* Current
* Voltage
* Resistance
## Footnote
These concepts are fundamental to understanding electrical circuits.
108
What is **Ohm’s law**?
V = IR
## Footnote
This law relates voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) in a circuit.
109
What is the formula for **resistivity**?
ρ = RA/L
## Footnote
Resistivity is a material property that affects how easily current can flow through it.
110
What are the two types of **circuits**?
* Series
* Parallel
## Footnote
The configuration of components in a circuit affects the overall behavior of the electrical system.
111
What is the relationship between **power** and current?
Power = IV = I²R = V²/R
## Footnote
These equations describe how electrical power is calculated in circuits.
112
What is the **ideal gas equation**?
pV = nRT
## Footnote
This equation relates pressure (p), volume (V), number of moles (n), gas constant (R), and temperature (T).
113
What is **centripetal acceleration**?
v²/r
## Footnote
This formula describes the acceleration of an object moving in a circular path.
114
What is the formula for the **period of SHM**?
T = 2π/ω
## Footnote
This formula relates the period of simple harmonic motion to its angular frequency.
115
What does **internal energy** depend on?
Kinetic energy of particles
## Footnote
Internal energy is a measure of the total energy contained within a system.
116
What are the types of **fields** in physics?
* Gravitational
* Electric
* Magnetic
## Footnote
Fields describe the influence of forces in a given region of space.
117
What is **Coulomb’s law**?
Describes the force between charged objects
## Footnote
This law quantifies the electrostatic force between two charges.
118
What is the formula for **capacitance**?
C = Q/V
## Footnote
Capacitance measures a capacitor's ability to store charge.
119
What is the **activity** in radioactivity?
Decay rate
## Footnote
Activity measures how quickly a radioactive substance decays.
120
What is the significance of **half-life**?
Time taken for half of a radioactive sample to decay
## Footnote
Half-life is a crucial concept in understanding radioactive decay processes.
121
What is the relationship between **luminosity** and stars?
Luminosity relates to radius and temperature: L ∝ R²T⁴
## Footnote
This relationship helps classify stars based on their brightness.
122
What does **Hubble’s law** state?
v = H₀d
## Footnote
This law describes the relationship between the distance of galaxies and their velocity of recession.
Physics
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