Physiology 🫁

Question 1

What are the methods of detection of heart sounds?

Answer 1

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Question 2

What does the phonocardiograph consist of?

Answer 2

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Question 3

What does the stethoscope consist of?

Answer 3

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Question 4

What is used for low-pitched sounds and high-pitched sounds?

Answer 4

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Question 5

What are the auscultatory areas of the heart and what are their sites?

Answer 5

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Question 6

What is the duration of S1,S2,S3 and S4 respectively?

Answer 6

• 0.15
• 0.1
• 0.05
• 0.02

Question 7

What is the relation to the cardiac cycle of S1,S2,S3 and S4 respectively?

Answer 7

• Isometric contraction and maximum ejection
• isometric relaxation
• terminal part of rapid filling
• mid-point of atrial systole—-> presystolic heart sound

Question 8

What is the cause of S1,S2,S3 and S4 respectively?

Answer 8

• Sudden closure of AV valves + ventricular and vascular component
• sudden closure of semi-lunar valves
• Vibration of the relaxed ventricular wall and the cusps of AV valves
• Vibration of the AV valves cusps due to the rush of blood from atria to ventricles

Question 9

What are the characters of S1,S2,S3 and S4 respectively?

Answer 9

• Soft and low pitched(25-40Hz), heard as the word lub by the stethoscope
• Sharp and high-pitched(50Hz), here is the word Dub by states of stethoscope
• Low pitched sound that can only be heard in children
• Faint low pitched sound that is not Melanie inaudible

Question 10

What are the auscultatory sites of S1,S2,S3 and S4 respectively?

Answer 10

• Mitral and tricuspid area
• Aortic area and pulmonary area
• Best heard at the mitral area while the person is in recumbent position and leaning to the left side
• at the mitral area (abnormal)

Question 11

What are the abnormalities of heart sounds?

Answer 11

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Question 12

What is the definition of splitting heart sound?

Answer 12

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Question 13

What is the cause of splitting heart sound?

Answer 13

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Question 14

What is the cause of splitting of the first heart sound in?

Answer 14

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Question 15

What is the cause of splitting of the second heart sound? And when is it observed?

Answer 15

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Question 16

What is the definition of triple or gallop rhythm?

Answer 16

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Question 17

When does gallop rhythm occur?

Answer 17

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Question 18

What is the definition of murmurs?

Answer 18

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Question 19

What is the mechanism of murmurs?

Answer 19

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Question 20

What are the types of blood flow in vessels?

Answer 20

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Question 21

What is the time of systolic murmur, diastolic murmur and continuous murmur respectively?

Answer 21

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Question 22

What is the cause of systolic murmur?

Answer 22

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Question 23

What is the cause of diastolic murmur?

Answer 23

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Question 24

What is the cost of continuous murmur? (Machinery murmur)

Answer 24

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Question 25

What is arterial pulse?

Answer 25

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Question 26

What is the strength of pulse determined by?

Answer 26

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Question 27

What is pulse pressure affected by?

Answer 27

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Question 28

What is the clinical importance of measuring the pulse?

Answer 28

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Question 29

Where could the arterial pulsation be felt?

Answer 29

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Question 30

What is the most common site for taking pulse measurements in adults?

Answer 30

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Question 31

What is the procedure of radial pulse measuring?

Answer 31

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Question 32

Where is the carotid pulse felt?

Answer 32

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Question 33

Where is the carotid pulse felt?

Answer 33

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Question 34

Where is the carotid pulse felt?

Answer 34

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Question 35

Where is the carotid pulse felt?

Answer 35

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Question 36

Where is the carotid pulse felt?

Answer 36

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Question 37

Where is the carotid pulse felt?

Answer 37

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Question 38

What is the use of ECG?

Answer 38

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Question 39

What is the number of leads?

Answer 39

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Question 40

What are the types of leads?

Answer 40

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Question 41

What do leads measure?

Answer 41

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Question 42

What is the number and examples of each type of leads?

Answer 42

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Question 43

What does einthoven law state?

Answer 43

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Question 44

What is the number of electrodes?

Answer 44

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Question 45

How are electrodes placed?

Answer 45

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Question 46

What are the best leads to identify lesions in ....? Septum Anterior surface Lateral surface Inferior surface

Answer 46

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Question 47

What are waves in ECG paper? And what is the direction of each one? And what do they represent?

Answer 47

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Question 48

What is the lead used to comment on ECG paper? And why?

Answer 48

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Question 49

How to comment on ECG paper?

Answer 49

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Question 50

What is calibration of ECG?

Answer 50

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Question 51

What is the paper speed of ECG?

Answer 51

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Question 52

How is heart rate calculated by ECG?

Answer 52

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Question 53

How is heart rhythm estimated by ECG?

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Question 54

What should be estimated for ECG waves?

Answer 54

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Question 55

What are ECG segments and intervals that may be found in ECG paper?

Answer 55

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Question 56

What is characteristic about ST segment?

Answer 56

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Question 57

What is the extension of PR interval?

Answer 57

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Question 58

What does PR interval represents?

Answer 58

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Question 59

What is the duration of PR interval?

Answer 59

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Question 60

What is the extension of QT interval?

Answer 60

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Question 61

What does QT interval represent?

Answer 61

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Question 62

What is the duration of QT interval?

Answer 62

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Question 63

What are cardiac axis? And where do they lie?

Answer 63

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Question 64

How to determine axis deviation on ECG paper?

Answer 64

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Question 65

What are the physiological causes of left axis deviation?

Answer 65

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Question 66

What are the pathological causes of left axis deviation?

Answer 66

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Question 67

What are the physiological causes of right axis deviation?

Answer 67

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Question 68

What are the pathological causes of right axis deviation?

Answer 68

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