MFSRH Part 1 CM > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

(104 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What does oestrogen do

A

Thickens uterine lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does progesterone do to the uterus

A

Makes the endometrium become glandular and secretory
Thickens the myometrium and reduces motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Oestrogen changes to mucus?

A

Thin, alkaline, stringy cervical mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Progesterone changes to mucus

A

Thick acidic cervical mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the most abundant estrogen

A

Estradiol (E2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is oestrogen produced

A

Produced by ovaries in response to LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does fsh do

A

Acts upon the ovary
Stimulates develment of a primary follice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does LH do

A

Acts upon the ovary
Stimulates production of estradiol (E2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does progesterone affect body temp

A

Causes increase of 0.2°C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What nerve fibres control the external anal sphincter

A

Somatic nerve fibres of the pudendal nerve (which can be consciously relaxed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What nerve fibres innervate the internal anal sphincter

A

Parasympathetic nerve fibres from the pudendal nerve (which relax involuntarily)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet

A

Lateral - iliopectinealline
Anterior - pubic crest
Posterior - anterior margin of the base of the sacrum and sacral promontory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three types of naturally produced oestrogen

A

Estradiol, estrone, estriol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is estradiol produced?

A

Ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone
GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone
GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

On what does GnRH act?

A

Anterior Pituitary (producing LH and FSH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to ovarian follicle cells when FSH/LH act on them?

A

Differentiate into theca cells and granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dominant hormone in follicular phase?

A

Oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dominant hormone in luteal phase?

A

Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens to the pituitary as oestrogen levels rise?

A

Oestrogen acts as an inhibitor and less FSH is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does oestrogen do to the pituitary just prior to ovulation

A

Pituitary becomes more sensitive to GnRH, increasing sensitivity to oestrogen creating a surge of LH and FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How does progesterone act on the pituitary in the luteal phase?

A

Acts as an inhibitor and reduces production of LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens when there is a reduction of LH from the pituitary in the luteal phase?

A

Reduction in production of progesterone (leading to menstruation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
In what cell is cholesterol turned into steroids hormones
Theca cells
26
What is cholesterol turned into in theca cells
Pregnenolone (by cholesterol desmolase)
27
Where is testosterone converted?
In granulosa cells by aromatase into 17b-estradiol
28
What is 17b-estradiol bound to in the blood?
Sex hormone binding globulin ((SHBG)
29
What transports progesterone in the blood?
Albumin and transcortin
30
Systemic effects of oestrogen
Cardiovascular - protective, keeps blood vessel walls flexible, reduces levels of LDL cholesterol Skeletal - sustains bone density
31
Systemic effects of oestrogen
Cardiovascular - protective, keeps blood vessel walls flexible, reduces levels of LDL cholesterol Skeletal - sustains bone density
32
Systemic effects of progesterone
Maintains bone strength Increases skin elasticity
33
What does the placenta produce?
Estriol Progesterone
34
What estrogen is being produced during menopause?
Estrone (E1) (by fat cells and adrenal glands)
35
What increases hepatic synthesis of transport proteins
Oestrogen
36
Receptors on theca cells
LH
37
Receptors on granulosa cells
FSH
38
What is produced within the theca cell
LH stimulates production of cholesterol -> progestogens -> androgens (Granulosa cells can also do cholesterol ->progesterone)
39
What does the granulose cells do to androgens
Turns them into oestrogens
40
How long do platelets live for
9-10 days
41
What does LH do in men
Stimulates production of testosterone from leydig cells
42
How many days to grow a follicle
80 days (65 + 5 + 10)
43
What produces AMH
Granulosa cells
44
What is AMH
Peptide growth factor
45
What is testosterone hydroxylated to
Dihydrotestosterone
46
What it testosterone aromatised to
Estradiol
47
Where is androstenedione produced
Ovaries and adrenals
48
Where is DHEA produced
Ovaries and adrenals
49
Where is prolactin secreted from
Lactotroph cells in anterior Pituitary
50
What synthesizes growth hormones
Somatotrophs in the anterior Pituitary
51
What controls production of growth hormone
Hypothalamic secretion of GHRH and somatostatin
52
First stage of female puberty
Thelarche (breast development)
53
What does oestrogen do in breast development
Duct growth
54
What does progesterone do in breast development
Growth of lobules and alveoli
55
When does DHEA production peak
Age 25
56
Definition of Delayed puberty?
Absence of secondary sexual development by 12 OR Failure of menarche within 3 years of onset of secondary sexual characteristics
57
Where is oxytocin synthesized
Hypothalamus
58
What increases ESR
Large cells (macrocytosis), fewer cells, more proteins
59
LH subunit associated with PCOS
Beta subunit
60
Where is prolactin produced
Anterior Pituitary gland
61
What lymphocytes are the majority circulating lymphocytes?
T-cells
62
Where is oxytocin synthesized
Hypothalamus for release from posterior pituitary gland.
63
What produces inhibin in men
Sertoli cells
64
Where do sperm acquire the ability to become mobile
Epidymis
65
How are sperm formed
Primary spermatocytes are formed in the spermatogonium, which then divides into two secondary spermatocytes, which then becomes 4 spermatids
66
What do DNA polymerase enzymes do
Required for DNA replication and repair
67
MoA azithromycin
Prevents RNA dependant protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal sub unit
68
What does factor Xa do
Converts prothrombin (Factor II) to thrombin
69
What does thrombin do
Converts soluble fibrinogen into solid fibrin clot
70
What are the factors in the PT pathway
Factor 7 then factor III
71
If factor 10 is affected, what coagulation pathway is affected
Both PT and PTT as factor X is common pathway
72
What receptors can be found on the bladder
Muscurinicn3 and beta 3
73
What receptor is on the male internal urthrethra
Alpha 1 receptor
74
What receptor is on the external urethral sphincter
Nicotinic receptor
75
Where is the micturation system located
Pons
76
What does the pelvic (parasympathetic) nerve act on on the bladder
M3 with acetylcholine causing contractions of the detrusor
77
What receptor does the pudendal nerve act on in micturition
Releases acetylcholine onto the nicotinic receptor at the external urethral sphincter
78
What does the hypogastric plexus (sympathetic) act on in the bladder
Releases noradrenaline onto beta 3 receptors causing relaxation of the detrusor ( And acts on alpha 1 receptor on internal sphincter causing contraction)
79
What binds platelets to Von Willebrand Factor
Glycoprotein 1b
80
What binds platelets together
Glycoprotein 2b/3a (and fibrinogen)
81
Majority circulating estrogen for someone on coc
Estrone
82
How much testosterone is bound to SHBG
2/3 of circulating testosterone
83
How much testosterone is bound to albumin
1/3 of circulating testosterone is weakly bound to albumin
84
How much testosterone is free circulation
2%
85
Rare causes of hot flushes?
Pheochromocytoma and carcinoid syndrome
86
Common causes of hot flushes
Menopause and hyperthyroid
87
Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma
Catecholamines
88
Diagnosis of carcinoid syndrome
24 hours urinary 5 hydroyindoleacetic acid
89
What does 5 alpha reductase do?
Convert testosterone into the more potent dihydrotestosterone
90
Gene mutation in 5 alpha reductase deficiency?
SRD5A2
91
Type of mutation for 5alpha reductase
Autosomal recessive, sex limited (male)
92
In theca cells, what converts cholesterol into pregnenalone
Cholesterol desmolase
93
In theca cells what converts pregnenolone to progesterone
3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
94
In theca cells, what happens to the pregnenalone that is not converted to progesterone
Converts to 17-hydroxypregnenolone then to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
95
In theca cells, what converts DHEA to androstenedione
3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
96
In granulosa cells, what converts androstenedione into testosterone
17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
97
What does testosterone convert to in granulosa cells
17B estradiol via aromatase
98
Where is oxytocin produced
Paraventricular nucleii of the hypothalmus
99
Where is oxytocin releases from
Herring bodies on the posterior pituitary
100
Where is prolactin produced
Lactotrophs in the anterior postuitary
101
What inhibits prolactin?
Dopamine
102
What does prolactin inhibit
GnRH (thus inhibiting lh and FSH)
103
What does prolactin do
Stimulate breast milk productiin
104
What does oxytocin do after birth
Cause alveolar duct myometrial cells to contract, pushing milk out
MFSRH Part 1 CM
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions