Where is mucus produced in the stomach?
Foveolar cells in gastric cardia and pylorus region
Which cells secrete gastric acid?
Parietal cells
What factors increase gastric acid production?
Gastrin
Vagal nerve stimulation
Histamine
What factors decrease gastric acid production?
Cholecystokinin
Somatostatin (inhibits histamine release)
Secretin
Where is somatostatin secreted?
D cells of the stomach and duodenum, and the delta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.
What is the main roles of somatostatin?
Decreases gastrin release thus decreases gastric acid production
Increases fluid absorption
Increases smooth muscle contraction
Inhibits insulin and glucose secretion form islets of Langerhans
Decreases bile flow
What are the five deflections on a JVP and what do they represent?
3 upward descent and 2 downward descent
3 upwards
a wave- atrial contraction
c wave- ventricular contraction
v wave- atrial venous filling
2 downwards
x wave- atrium relaxes- tricuspid valve moves down
y wave- Ventricular filling/emptying of atrium
Where are the atrial arch receptors located?
Located in atria at junction between pulmonary veins and vena cava.
What happens with the atrial stretch receptors when they are more stretched?
More blood/volume > more stretch > heart detects > HR increases quickly (bainbridge reflex) > heart release ANP > Kidneys get rid of salt and water > lower blood volume
What happens with the atrial stretch receptors when they are less stretched?
Which hormone increases appetite?
Ghrelin
ghrelin stimulates hunger. It is produced mainly by the fundus of the stomach and the pancreas. Ghrelin levels increase before meals and decrease after meals
Which hormone decreases appetite?
Leptin
produced by adipose tissue and acts on satiety centres in the hypothalamus and decreases appetite. More adipose tissue (e.g. in obesity) results in high leptin levels.
what is the Triad of Wernicke encephalopathy?
Acute confusion
Ataxia
Ophthalmoplegia
