1
Q
In hypoparathyroidism, patients have (decreased/increased) PTH
A
decreased
2
Q
In psuedohypoparathyroidism, patients have (decreased/increased) PTH
A
increased
but persistent low serum Ca2+
3
Q
What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary?
A
ADH (vasopressin)
oxytocin
4
Q
The posterior pituitary receives (venous/arterial) blood
A
arterial
5
Q
The anterior pituitary receives (venous/arterial) blood
A
venous (carrying neuropeptides from the hypothalamus)
6
Q
What seven hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?
A
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
β-endorphin
GH
7
Q
Acidophiles are called somatotropes because they release _____
A
Growth Hormone
8
Q
Basophiles are called Corticotropes because they release ______
A
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ACTH
9
Q
Hormones stored in the posterior pituitary are synthesized in the body of ______ cells
A
neuronal cells of the hypothalamus
10
Q
Thyroid hormones are derived from (cholesterol/tyrosine)
A
tyrosine
11
Q
A growth hormone insensitivity is called ____ syndrome
A
Laron
12
Q
If the pituitary produces too much growth hormone in adulthood, you may get enlarged hands and jaw known as _______
A
Acromegaly
13
Q
Both nutritional deficiency (such as celiacs) and decreased growth hormone can lead to a decrease in the hormone ______
A
IGF-1
14
Q
If you have extra copies of the SHOX gene (short stature homeobox) such as in Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY), you will be (shorter/taller) than average
A
taller
15
Q
Deletion of the SHOX gene will make you (taller/shorter)
A
shorter
16
Q
The thyroid secretes mostly (T3/T4)
A
93% T4
17
Q
Thyroid-binding globulin (TGB) carries T3 and T4 in the (thyroid follicle/systemic circulation)
A
Systemic circulation
18
Q
Cretinism and growth retardation can be cause by a deficiency in ______
A
Thyroid Hormone (TH)
19
Q
hyperthyroidism leads to increased expression of (alpha/beta) adrenergic receptors
A
beta
20
Q
Dopamin and somatostatin exert (excitatory/inhibitory) effects on TSH release
A
inhibitory
21
Q
TSH is (elevated/lowered) in primary hypothyroidism
A
elevated
22
Q
Which layer of the adrenal gland secretes mineralcorticoids?
A
zone glomerulosa
23
Q
Which layer of the adrenal gland secretes glucocorticoids?
A
Zona fasciculata
24
Q
Which layer of the adrenal glad secretes epinephrine?
A
Medulla
25
Loss of function of the adrenal (cortex/medulla) is fatal
cortex
26
The conversion of Cholesterol to Pregnenolone is done by the enzyme _______
20,22 desmolase
27
In the adrenal glands, the zona glomerulosa is missing the enzyme _______ causing it to convert pregnenolone into aldosterone
17-alpha-hydroxylase
28
The majority of cortisol in plasma is transported by _______
cortisol binding protein
29
Cortisol inhibits the transcription of _______ gene
POMC
30
Cortisol is (inflammatory/anti-inflammatory)
anti-inflammatory
31
Cortisol is an(immunostimulant/immunosuppresant)
immunosuppressive
32
ACTH is made after post-translation processing of ______
POMC
33
Decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone can be cause by a mutation in the gene for _________
21-alpha-Hydroxylase
34
A 21-alpha-Hydroxylase deficiency can lead to decreased production of ______ and ______
cortisol and aldosterone
35
Increased corticosterone, decreased androgen synthesis (17-α-hydroxylase/21-α-hydroxylase) deficiency
17-α-hydroxylase deficiency
36
Increased androgen synthesis, decreased aldosterone and decreased cortisol synthesis (17-α-hydroxylase/21-α-hydroxylase) deficiency
21-α-hydroxylase deficiency
37
An excess exposure to cortisol can lead to ______ syndrome
Cushing's Syndrome
38
A high dose of Dexamethasone can be taken overnight. If the patient's serum cortisol remains high, then they may have ________
Cushing's syndrome
39
Failure to produce enough cortisol (Cushing's/Addison's)
Addison's disease
40
Lack of aldosterone with hypotension and hyperkalemia (Cushing's/Addison's)
Addison's disease
41
Which hormone released from the anterior pituitary is under tonic inhibitory control by dopamine?
Prolactin
42
Thyroid hormone effects by (G-protien/direct transcriptional effect)
direct transcriptional effect
43
How does increased PTH affect PO4 reabsorption?
Reduces PO4 reabsorption at proximal tubules
44
How does increased PTH affect Ca2+ reabsorption?
increases Ca2+ reabsorption at distal tubules
45
25 (OH) Vit D is converted to 1,25 (OH)2 Vit D3 by the enzyme ______
1-α-hydroxylase
46
The action of 1-α-hydroxylase to make active Vitamin D3 ca be enhanced by increased ______
PTH
| Parathyroid Hormone
47
Chronic Vitamin D deficiency can lead to ______ in children and ______ in adults
Rickets
| Osteomalacia
48
Autoimmune disease of the thyroid leading to goiter and hyperthyroid symptoms is _______
Graves Disease
49
an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland causing primary hypothyroidism is _______
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
50
Low TH with low TSH is (primary/secondary) hypothyroidism
Secondary
51
Low TH with high TSH is (primary/secondary) hypothyroidism
Primary
52
Which can be treated with Growth Hormone (Cushing's/GH-1 deficiency/Turners)
Turner's syndrome
53
The proliferative phase of endometrial thickening is dominated by the hormone ______
estrogens
54
The secretory phase of endometrial thickening is dominated by the hormone ______
progesterone
55
During the menstrual phase, vasoconstriction and local ischemic injury is mediated by _______
prostaglandins
56
During the late follicular phase, blood estradiol reaches a high level causing a surge in hormones ____ and ____ provoking ovulation
LH and FSH
57
Estrogens are inactivated in the (organ) ______
liver
58
The side-chain cleavage enzyme that produces pregnenolone is also known as _______
20,22 desmolase
59
The conversion of androgens to estrogens creates an aromatic ring. The ovaries differ form the testes by have having a large amount of (enzyme) _______
aromatase
60
The theca cell lacks activity of the enzyme ______ so it passes androstenedione to the granulosa cell for estrogen production
aromatase
61
The granulosa cells lack activity of the enzymes ______ and ______ so they pass their progesterone to the theca cell to make androstenedione
17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-desmolase
62
Basal body temperature rises following (menstruation/ovulation)
ovulation
63
The primary estrogen in post-menopausal women is ______
esterone
64
In order to prevent polyspermy, a fertilized egg undergoes the _______ reaction
cortical
65
hCG is produce in the syncytiotrophoblasts by the (cells) _______
blastocyst
66
Which hormone is measured in a pregnancy test?
human chorionic gonadotropin
| hCG
67
The uterus is quiescent throughout most of pregnancy due to the presence of _______ and ______
progestogens and relaxin
68
Initiation of labor contractions is induced by ______ and sustained by ______
induced by prostaglandins and sustained by oxytocin and more prostaglandins
69
Which hormone promotes uterine contraction and milk let-down?
oxytocin
70
Which hormone promotes milk synthesis?
Prolactin
71
Which homones are released in response to suckling? (2)
prolactin and oxytocin
72
The functional secretory unit of the breast is called the ______
alveolus
73
Secreted upon initiation of lactation: _______
colostrum
74
Why can't you give a newborn cow's milk?
It is higher in protein and electrolytes than human milk. bad for a newborn's delicate GI system
75
Which hormone maintains milk production after parturition?
prolactin
76
If estrogen and progesterone are lost during/after pregnancy, what will happen to the breasts?
Lactation
| prolactin will have an un-inhibited effect
77
Inhibition of dopamine at the arcuate nucleus has what effect on prolactin?
inhibit dopamine -> release of prolactin
78
Inhibiting GnRH inhibits FSH and LH. What is the effect on lactating females?
ovarian cycle is inhibited
79
What are the four shunts of fetal circulation?
1. placenta
2. ductus venosus
3. foramen ovale
4. ductus arteriosus
80
A fetus takes its first breath in response to _____
hypoxia (and hypercapnia + cold skin)
81
A deficiency in lung surfactants in a premature birth can lead to _______
respiratory distress syndrome
82
Alveolar pneumocytes that deliver surfactant (type I/type II)
type II
83
The intervillous space is filled with (fetal/maternal) blood
maternal
84
Opening of the neonatal lungs causes a pressure (increase/decrease) in the right ventricle
decrease
85
Closing of placental circulation causes a pressure (increase/decrease) in the left ventricle
increase
86
What is the effect on the foramen ovale when the neonatal left ventricle pressure rises and right ventricle pressure falls?
Closes foramen ovale
87
A portosystemic shunt occurs with failure of the fetal _____ _____ to close
Ductus Venosum
88
What signals the ductus arteriosus to vasoconstrict and close
O2
| well oxygenated blood from the aorta
89
Why do high altitude deliveries increase the chance of a patent ductus arteriosus?
lower O2
| high O2 is the signal to close the ductus arteriosus
90
The epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct are all derived from the _______ ______
Wolffian Duct
91
In order for the wolffian duct to develop into its final structures it must receive stimulation by the hormone _______ form leydig cells
testosterone
92
In order for the prostate to develop it must receive stimulation from the hormone ______
DHT (dihydrotestosterone)
93
In males, FSH binds ______ cells to release inhibin
Sertoli cells
94
In males, LH bind ______ cells to release testosterone
Leydig cells
95
Hypogonadic hypogonadism with lack of pituitary hormones LH and FSH can lead to _______ syndrome
Kallmann
96
FSH levels are higher in (males/females)
males (8x higher)
97
A gain of function mutation in the androgen receptor can lead to degeneration of lower motor neurons known as ________
SBMA
| Spinobulbar Muscular Atrophy
98
Which has Thyroid antibodies? (Grave's/Hashimoto's)
Hashimoto's
| Elevated serum TSH and thyroid antibodies
99
Which has TSH receptor antibodies? (Grave's/Hashimoto's)
Grave's
| Elevated serum T3, T4, and TSH receptor antibodies
100
What hormone drives the proliferative phase of endometrial thickening?
Estrogen
101
What drives the secretory phase of endometrial thickening following ovulation?
Progensterone
102
During the menstrual phase, vasoconstriction of spiral arteries and local ischemic injury/inflammation are mediated by _______
Prostaglandins
103
Ovulation is controlled in the brain by the ________
hypothalamus
104
Which increases more following menopause (FSH/LH)
FSH
105
Both the acrosomal reaction and the cortical reaction are dependent on which ion?
Ca2+
106
Suckling triggers a neuroendocrine response that causes release of prolactin and oxytocin while inhibiting _______ and inhibiting the ovarian cycle
GnRH
107
Which has higher pO2, the umbilical (artery/vein)
vein
108
NO stimulates pernile erection by increasing intracellular _____ levels
cGMP
109
In males, production of Inhibin by Sertoli cells has direct negative feedback on the release of the hormone _______
FSH
Unit 8
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