Functions of kidneys.
Ph Osmolarity Ion concentration Excrete waste-toxins Extra cellular fluid volume Hormones production
Where is the filtration taking place?
Renal corpuscle (glomeruli + bowman capsule)
Where is the reabsorption + secretion taking place?
Renal tubules ( proximal, loop, distal)
Which are the substances that will leak into Bowman capsule?
Water Glucose Amino acids Ions (Sodium, potassium, magnesium, phosphate, chloride) Creatinine Urea
Substances that BC can’t infiltrate normally?
Blood cells
Proteins
What does erythropoietin do?
Helps with red blood cell production
What does renin do?
Regulates the blood pressure
- if BP low, kidney release renin into bloodstream
For what potassium is responsible for?
Maintaining normal heart rhythm
Regulate activity of muscles, water balance, acid base balance
Values for hyperkalemia.
Mild: 5,5-5,9
Moderate: 6,0-6,4
Severe: 6,5
Causes of hyperkalemia.
- Pseudokalemia: blood draw with tourniquet ( destroy blood cells &release potassium into blood)
- Metabolic acidosis
- Insulin deficiency (potassium from blood into cell->normally)
- Hyperglycemia (uncontrolled diabetes)
- Cell damage ( high exercise), rabdomiolysis, tumoral lysis
- Mass blood transfusion
- Renal failure
- Hypoaldosteronism (when not much aldosterone to excrete K -> addison’s disease)
- Responsiveness to aldosterone ( receptors damage)
Symptoms of hyperkalemia.
Muscle weakness (lead to paralysis) Heart problems ( ecg-> peaked, T wave, wide QRS, p absent/short) Bradycardia, tachycardia
Hypervolemic hyponatremia
When low sodium in blood
Excess interstitial fluid (edema)
