EHR > Physiology- Definitions+ values > Flashcards

Physiology- Definitions+ values Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the haemoglobin content of females?

A

12-16.5 g/deciliter

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2
Q

Cardiac output formulas

A

Q= HR×SV
or
EDV-ESV then ANS×HR

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3
Q

What is End Diastolic Volume?

A

The volume of blood in the heart just before contraction (ml)

This measurement is crucial for understanding heart function.

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4
Q

What is End Systolic Volume?

A

The volume of blood in the heart just after contraction (ml)

This indicates how much blood remains in the heart after it has pumped.

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5
Q

Define Stroke Volume.

A

The volume of blood pumped per contraction (ml/beat)

It is a key indicator of heart efficiency.

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6
Q

What does Cardiac Output refer to?

A

The total volume of blood pumped by the ventricle per minute (L/min)

It is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.

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7
Q

What is the Ejection Fraction?

A

The volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out with each beat (%)

It is an important measure of heart function.

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8
Q

What does Chronotropic mean?

A

Increase in heart rate

This term is often used in the context of heart rate modulation.

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9
Q

What does Inotropic refer to?

A

Increased contractility

It describes the strength of heart muscle contractions.

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10
Q

What does the P wave represent in an ECG?

A

Depolarisation of Atria -> Atrial systole

It indicates the electrical activity associated with atrial contraction.

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11
Q

What does the QRS complex signify?

A

Depolarisation of Ventricles -> Ventricular systole

This is a crucial part of the heart’s electrical cycle.

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12
Q

What does the T wave indicate?

A

Repolarisation of Ventricles -> Ventricular diastole

It reflects the recovery phase of the ventricles.

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13
Q

What are Intercalated discs?

A

Dark staining regions that interconnect individual cardiac muscle fibres

They facilitate synchronized contraction of cardiac muscle.

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14
Q

What is the normal resting heart rate range?

A

60-100 beats/min

This range is considered healthy for adults.

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15
Q

Define Bradycardia.

A

Resting heart rate lower than 60 beats/min

It can indicate various health issues.

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16
Q

Define Tachycardia.

A

Resting heart rate greater than 100 beats/min

It can be a sign of stress or medical conditions.

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17
Q

What is the normal end diastolic volume?

A

100 ml

This volume is essential for assessing heart function.

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18
Q

What is the normal end systolic volume?

A

40 ml

This measurement helps evaluate heart efficiency.

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19
Q

What is the normal stroke volume range?

A

60-80 ml

This indicates the amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat.

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20
Q

What is the normal ejection fraction range?

A

55-70%

This percentage reflects the heart’s pumping efficiency.

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21
Q

What is the normal cardiac output range?

A

4.2-5.6 L/min

This indicates the total blood volume pumped by the heart in a minute.

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22
Q

What percentage of blood is plasma?

A

55%

Plasma is the liquid component of blood.

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23
Q

What percentage of blood is composed of everything other than plasma?

A

45% (>99% red blood cells <1% white blood cells)

This includes all cellular components of blood.

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24
Q

Define Haematocrit.

A

The percentage of the total blood volume composed of cells or other elements

It is a measure of the proportion of blood that is cellular.

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25
What does Boyle's law state?
At a constant temperature, pressure × volume is constant ## Footnote This law describes the relationship between gas pressure and volume.
26
What does Henry's law describe?
Gases dissolve in liquids in proportion to their partial pressures ## Footnote This law is important in understanding gas exchange in the body.
27
What is Dalton's law?
Total pressure of a mixture of gases = sum of partial pressures of individual gases in the mixture ## Footnote This principle is fundamental in respiratory physiology.
28
What does the Bohr effect show?
Shows how CO2 and pH influence O2 binding and release into tissues ## Footnote It explains how oxygen delivery is affected by carbon dioxide levels.
29
What are the factors in Fick's law?
* Surface area * Membrane thickness * Concentration gradients or diffusion constant ## Footnote These factors affect the rate of diffusion.
30
When the pH decreases, what happens to the oxygen association?
Bohr effect - The curve shifts to the right and haemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen ## Footnote This indicates how acidity affects oxygen transport.
31
What is the oxygen carrying capacity of blood?
16-24 ml per 100 ml of blood ## Footnote This capacity is crucial for assessing respiratory and circulatory health.
32
How is CO2 carried in the blood?
Plasma, Bicarbonate ions This aspect of gas transport is essential for understanding respiratory physiology.
33
What is the Arterial-mixed venous oxygen difference?
Difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood (A: 20 ml, V: 15-16 ml) ## Footnote This difference is important for assessing oxygen utilization in tissues.
34
What is the role of the Apneustic area?
Excitatory effect on inspiratory area (more firing of inspiratory neurons) ## Footnote It plays a role in regulating breathing patterns.
35
What does the Pneumotaxic area do?
Inhibits inspiration (controls depth of breathing) ## Footnote This area helps fine-tune the breathing process.
36
Define Tidal volume.
Volume inspired and expired/normal breathing ## Footnote It is a measure of the amount of air exchanged during regular breathing.
37
What is the Inspiratory reserve volume?
Maximal volume of inspiration after normal breathing ## Footnote This indicates the additional air that can be inhaled.
38
What is the Total lung capacity?
Maximal volume of air in the lungs ## Footnote This is a key measure of lung health.
39
What is Forced vital capacity?
Maximum volume of air a person can forcefully expire after a deep inhale ## Footnote It is an important measure in pulmonary function tests.
40
What is the Functional residual capacity?
The volume of air still in the lungs after a normal passive exhalation ## Footnote This volume is crucial for understanding lung function.
41
What is the Expiratory reserve volume?
Maximal volume of expiration after normal breathing ## Footnote This indicates the additional air that can be exhaled.
42
What is Maximum voluntary ventilation?
The maximum amount of air someone can inhale and exhale forcefully over 12-15s ## Footnote This measure assesses respiratory muscle strength.
43
What is the Tidal volume range?
500-600 ml ## Footnote This is the typical volume exchanged during normal breathing.
44
What is the Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) range?
1.9-3 L ## Footnote This indicates the additional air that can be inhaled beyond normal breathing.
45
What is the Total lung capacity (Tot. LC) range?
4.2-6 L ## Footnote This is the total volume capacity of the lungs.
46
What is the Forced vital capacity (FVC) range?
1.4-6.6 L ## Footnote This indicates the maximum volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled.
47
What is the Functional residual capacity (FRC) range?
1.8-2.4 L ## Footnote This indicates the volume of air remaining in the lungs after passive exhalation.
48
What is the Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) range?
80-180 L/min ## Footnote This measures the maximum air flow during forced breathing.
49
What is the Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) range?
1.2 L ## Footnote This indicates the additional air that can be exhaled after normal breathing.
50
What is the Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) range?
3.1 L ## Footnote This indicates the maximum additional air that can be inhaled.
51
What is Energy expenditure?
Amount of energy your body uses to perform all functions e.g. basics to physical activity ## Footnote It encompasses all energy used by the body.
52
Define Basal metabolic rate (BMR).
Energy your body needs at rest to maintain vital functions such as breathing ## Footnote It accounts for the largest daily energy expenditure.
53
What is the Thermic effect of food (TEF)?
Energy required to digest, absorb and metabolize the food we eat (~10%) ## Footnote This is a component of total energy expenditure.
54
What is Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE)?
Energy used during any movement, can range from 15-30% ## Footnote This varies based on activity level.
55
What does ATP*stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate - The body's immediate source of usable energy ## Footnote It is essential for cellular functions.
56
What does Charles law state?
The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature when pressure is constant ## Footnote This law describes the behavior of gases under varying temperatures.
57
What is Pulmonary diffusion?
Gas exchange in lungs and alveoli ## Footnote This process is vital for oxygenating blood.
58
What does pulmonary diffusion do?
* Replenishes blood's oxygen supply * Removes carbon dioxide from returning systemic venous blood ## Footnote This is essential for maintaining respiratory function.
59
Fatigue index formula
Peak power- minimum power —————————————— Peak power Then ×100
60
What is a normal blood pressure measurement?
Systolic: Less than 120 Diastolic: Less than 80
61
What is an elevated blood pressure measurement?
Systolic: 120-129 Diastolic: Less than 80
62
What is a stage 1 hypertension measurement?
Systolic: 130-139 Or Diastolic: 80-89
63
What is a hypertensive crisis measurement?
Systolic: Higher than 180 And/or Diastolic: Higher than 120
64
What is the haemoglobin content of males?
13.8-17.2 g/deciliter
65
What is VO2 drift?
A slow increase in VO2 during submaximal, prolonged, constant power output exercise
66
What is a lactate threshold (def.)
An exercise intensity at which lactic acid starts accumulating in the blood
67
What is the normal lactate threshold for untrained people?
50-60% of their VO2 max
68
What is the normal lactate threshold for elite athletes?
70 or 80% of their VO2 max
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