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Physiology Short Term Effect Flashcards

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1
Q

CARDIAC SHORT-TERM RESPONSES TO EXERCISE

A
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2
Q

What is the anatomical structure of the cardiovascular system?

A

-The heart is made up of FOUR CHAMBERS.
-They are separated by VALVES and are able to relax and contract to accept DEOXYGENATED blood from the body and EJECT it to the lungs or accept OXYGENATED blood from the lungs and EJECT to the body.

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3
Q

What are the three different blood vessels?

A

-Arteries
-Veins
-Capillaries

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4
Q

What is the structure of arteries?

A

-Wall consists of SMOOTH MUSCLES.
-Highest ELASTICITY.
-NARROW lumen.
-Transport blood AWAY from the heart at HIGH PRESSURE.

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5
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A

-THINNER walls than arteries.
-Contains VALVES to prevent backflow of blood.
-Mostly consists of FIBROUS TISSUE.
-LESS ELASTIC than arteries.
-WIDE lumen.
-Carry blood BACK to the heart at LOW PRESSURE.

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6
Q

What is the structure of capillaries?

A

-Walls are ONE cell thick.
-Very NARROW lumen.
-REMOVE waste products.
-Supply cells with necessary OXYGEN and NUTRIENTS.

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7
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

-The TRANSPORT of blood to the lungs and working muscles is CONTROLLED by the cardiac conduction system.

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8
Q

What are the two stages of the cardiac cycle?

A

-Systole and diastole.

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9
Q

What happens during the diastole cycle?

A

-This is where the heart RELAXES and FILLS WITH BLOOD.
-Blood flows into the right and left ARTIA, filling them with blood.
-The ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES are SHUT to aid this process.
-This means that blood can now FLOW into the ventricle.
-DOES NOT flow into the aorta or pulmonary artery because of the semilunar valves being shut.

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10
Q

What is known as the end-diastolic volume?

A

-The amount of blood that is in the ventricle following diastole.

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11
Q

What happens during the systole cycle?

A

-The heart CONTRACTS and blood is EJECTED from the heart.
-The CONTRACTION of the atria ensures any residual blood in the atria moves to the ventricle.
-The ventricles CONTRACT, regulating in raised blood pressure which cause the semilunar valves to OPEN, allowing blood flow to the aorta and pulmonary artery.
-When the ventricles RELAXES, any returning blood is stopped from flowing into the ventricle as a result of the semilunar valves shutting.
-The BLOOD now travels to the body’s tissue and the lungs through the aorta and pulmonary vein.

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12
Q

What are the two branches of circulation?

A

-Pulmonary: circulation of blood from the heart to the LUNGS, then back to the heart.
-Systemic: circulation of blood from the heart to the BODY, then back to the heart.

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13
Q

What is known as the end-systolic volume?

A

-The amount of blood that is in the ventricle following systole.

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14
Q

What is the pathway of blood in the pulmonary circulation?

A

-DEOXYGENATED blood is transported to the LUNGS from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, via the pulmonary artery.
-The blood can then be OXYGENATED, and is returned to the LEFT ATRIUM of the heart via the pulmonary vein.

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15
Q

What is the pathway of blood in the systemic circulation?

A

-OXYGENATED blood is transported OUT of the LEFT VENTRICLE, via the aorta. This OXYGENATED blood is ultimately transported to the CELLS and TISSUES of the body via capillaries.
-DEOXYGENATED blood then returns to the heart, via the vena cava, into the RIGHT ATRIUM of the heart.

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16
Q

How do we control and regulate the heart?

A

-Receptors that make the body send numerous SIGNALS to the brain to either increase or decrease the heart rate.
-The hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline.
-Intrinsic factors like temperature of the body and the venous return mechanism.

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17
Q

What are the different receptors?

A

-CHEMORECEPTORS: detects changes of CHEMICALS in the blood, mainly carbon dioxide.
-BARORECEPTORS: found inside arteries, these detect changes in BLOOD PRESSURE as a results of changing exercise INTENSITY.
-PROPRIOCEPTORS: detects changes in MOVEMENT.
-THERMORECEPTORS: detects changes in surface TEMPERATURE of the body.

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18
Q

Where are both the hormones released from?

A

-Adrenal glands

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19
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

-When released into the BLOODSTREAM, it stimulates the ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and SA NODE found in the heart.
-The release of adrenaline via the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM prior to exercise is known as the ANTICIPATORY RISE.
-This STIMULATES an increase in HEART RATE before exercise to make the body aware that it needs to PREPARE the working muscles with MORE oxygenated blood.
-RESTRICTS blood flow to areas where the requirement of oxygenated blood is NOT as important.

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20
Q

What does noradrenaline do?

A

-Released during STRESSFUL SITUATIONS.
-Known as the FIGHT/FLIGHT CHEMICAL.
-It can INCREASE blood pressure and heart rate.
-Thus allows someone to TAKE PART in physical activity straight away.

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21
Q

What does an increase in body temperature lead to?

A

-Increase in HEART RATE as the muscles work harder to deliver blood to the skin and allows heat to be lost through RADIATION.

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22
Q

What is the rate of cardiac output controlled by?

A

-Cardiac control centre.

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23
Q

What does the cardiac control centre do?

A

-Send MESSAGES via the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
-The SYMPATHETIC system increases HEART RATE.
-The PARASYMPATHETIC decreases HEART RATE.

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24
Q

Why is this important after exercise?

A

-It enables the body to gradually return to RESTING LEVELS once the oxygen debt has been paid and when waste products such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid have been removed.

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25
What is the cardiac muscle of the heart described as?
-Myogenic which means a SIGNAL is sent across the cardiac muscles.
26
What pathways does the electrical stimulus in the cardiac cycle follow?
1. SINOATRIAL NODE: it regulates the heart rate in line with the body’s demand by sending out an electrical stimulus which travels across the muscle cell in the atria. 2. ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE: the impulse travels to the AV node where it DELAYS the next contraction to allow the ventricle to FULLY fill with blood. Once the AV node closes the STIMULUS travels to the bundle of his and purkinje fibres. 3. THE BUNDLE OF HIS: stimulus travels down it. It branches into left and right which consist of the purkinje fibres. 4. PERKINJE FIBRES: found in the ventricular walls and cause ventricular contraction.
27
What is atrial depolarisation?
-The effect that the SA node has on the atria, causing them to contract by providing and electrical stimulus across them.
28
What is the ventricular depolarisation?
-The effect that the AV node has on the ventricles, causing them to contract by providing an electrical stimulus.
29
What is the atrial and ventricular repolarisation?
-Occurs during a brief time period following depolarisation and describes and electrical impulse returning to a BASELINE VALUE.
30
What are the different cardiovascular values?
-Heart rate -Stroke volume -Cardiac output
31
What is the definition for heart rate?
-The number of times the HEART BEATS per minute. -An average person has a resting value if 70 beats per minute.
32
Who would have a lower resting heart rate?
-The FITTER the individual the LOWER their resting heart rate. -Tour de France winner MIGUEL INDURAIN recorded have a resting heart rate of just 28bpm.
33
What does having a low resting heart rate demonstrate?
-The heart is EFFICIENT in transporting blood around the body. -The heart undergoes LESS strain and lessening the risk of cardiovascular disease.
34
What is the definition for stroke volume?
-The amount of blood EJECTED from the heart per beat. -The average resting value is 70ml.
35
What does having a higher stroke volume allow for?
-Lower heart rate.
36
What determines someone’s cardiac output?
-Heart rate x stroke volume
37
What is the definition for cardiac output?
-The VOLUME of blood EJECTED by the heart per minute. -The average resting value is 4900ml/minute.
38
What is cardiac output?
-It is the direct result of the RELATIONSHIP between heart rate and stroke volume.
39
What will elevate blood pressure and promote blood flow?
-Any factor that causes an increase in carbon dioxide.
40
LOOK IN FOLDER AT MAXIMUM HEART RATE EQUATIONS!
41
VASOMOTOR CONTROL: what is venous return?
-It is the process of the blood RETURNING TO THE HEART.
42
What mechanisms contribute to venous returns?
-Pocket valves located in the veins. -Skeletal muscles pump. -Respiratory pump. -Gravity. -Pressure gradient. -Smooth muscles in the veins.
43
What are the pocket valves?
-These help to STOP the blood from flowing BACKWARDS.
44
What is the skeletal muscle pump?
-The skeletal muscles SURROUNDING the veins CONTRACT, causing an increase in pressure which causes fast blood flow.
45
What is the respiratory pump?
-There is a PRESSURE GRADIENT between the abdominal cavity and the thoracic cavity, which acts as a PUMP for blood to be transported back to the heart.
46
What does gravity do?
-Blood high is being returned from above the level of the heart is AIDED by gravity.
47
Why is there a pressure gradient?
-It exists between venous pressure and right atrial pressure or venous resistance, which aids the process of blood RETURNING to the heart.
48
Why have veins got smooth muscles?
-The smooth muscle layer found in the walls of the veins CONTRACT squeezing blood back towards the heart.
49
What happens to venous return during high intensity exercise?
-HIGH INTENSTITY: there is a GREATER need for quicker and efficient venous return. -As exercise increases so does venous return. -It’s important that this happens because if blood took a long time to return stroke volume and cardiac output would be reduced.
50
What is starling’s law?
-It refers to the INCREASED stroke volume as a result of an INCREASED amount of blood filling the heart. -The cardiac muscles stretch before contracting which leads to an increase in the volume of blood in the ventricles. -This leads to an increase in FORCE of the contraction allowing the heart to eject a higher volume of blood.
51
What happens to venous return during recovery?
-A decrease in venous return leads to decreased stroke volume.
52
What is the vascular shunt?
-This is where the vascular system ‘SHUNTS’ oxygenated blood to where it is NEEDED most.
53
What does the vasomotor centre regulate?
-It regulates the blood flow by causing the SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM to cause the ARTERIOLES to VASOCONSTRICT or VASODILATE depending on factors such as the increased PRESENCE of carbon dioxide in the blood and increased body temperature. -This can result in blood being DIRECTED away from lower-priority organs and towards HIGHER PRIORITY working skeletal muscles.
54
Why do the arterioles have an important role?
-They can widen or narrow to help control the DIRECTION of blood towards the HIGHER-PRIORITY TISSUE.
55
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: What are the main structures of the respiratory system?
-Nasal cavity -Larynx -Pharynx -Trachea -Bronchi
56
What is repiration regulated by?
-The respiratory control centre.
57
What two areas are the control centres split into and how do these allow us to breathe?
-Inspiratory control centre. -Expiratory control centre. -To CONTROL our rate and depth of BREATHING its uses two main forms of control.
58
What are the two main forms of control?
-Chemical control -Neural control
59
What is the chemical control?
-The chemical regulation of BREATHING is controlled by CHEMORECEPTORS. -This type of receptor detects changes in BLOOD PH LEVELS. -The CHANGE is as a results of the increased amount of carbon dioxide concentration in the blood. -The chemoreceptors stimulate the INCREASE in breathing rate via the inspiratory control centre. -During recovery the ph of the blood starts returning to resting levels and the stimulation of the ICC is reduced.
60
What is the neural control?
-TEMPERATURE: as we exercise an increase of temperature is detected by THERMORECEPTORS causing the respiration rate to increase. -MOVEMENT: stimulation of joints and muscles cause PROPRIOCEPTORS of the brain to stimulate the respiratory control centre. -PRESSURE: BARORECEPTORS detect changes in aerial pressure.
61
What is the mechanics of breathing during rest (inspiration)?
-DIAPHRAGM: this CONTRACTS and becomes FLATTER, causing the lungs to be pulled DOWNWARDS. -EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES: these muscles CONTRACT, which causes the ribs to MOVE UP AND OUT, allowing the thoracic cavity enlarged in volume. -AIR PRESSURE: the large volume DECREASES the lung’s air pressure below that of the atmospheric air, causing AIR to enter the LUNGS from the atmosphere.
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What is the mechanics of breathing during rest (expiration)?
-DIAPHRAGM: it RELAXES, moving UPWARDS. -EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE: these muscles RELAX, causing the ribs to move DOWNWARDS AND INWARDS, reducing the thoracic cavity volume. -AIR PRESSURE: the LOWER lung volume INCREASES the lungs pressure ABOVE that of the atmospheric air, causing air to be expelled from the lungs into the atmosphere.
63
What is the mechanics of breathing during exercise (inspiration)?
-During exercise we need to INCREASE the oxygenation of the blood. -This is achieved with the help of STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDS and the PECTORALS MINOR.
64
What does the sternocleidomastoids do?
-STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDS is a muscle found in the NECK. -> the muscle helps to lift the sternum, which lifts the rib cage helping to expect the thoracic cavity. This reduces the pressure within it creating a PRESSURE GRADIENT. The air then flows from where it is HIGH pressure in the ATMOSPHERIC AIR to where it is LOW in the THORACIC CAVITY.
65
What does the pectoralis minor do?
-LIFTS the ribs. -It INCREASES the throat if cavity.
66
What is the mechanics of breathing during exercise (expiration)?
-During exercise the body needs to get RID of the growing concentration of CARBON DIOXIDE in the blood. -This is achieved through the effect that the INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS and the RECTUS ABDOMINIS muscles have in expiration.
67
What does the internal intercostal muscles do?
-They are only ACTIVATED during exercise when respiration becomes FORCED. -> the muscles LOWER the ribs and bring them INWARDS reducing the thoracic capacity and causing AIR to be expired from the lungs, due to the pressure gradient.
68
What does the abdominis muscles do?
-They CONTRACT due to ring expiration. -> this causes the intra-abdominal pressure to INCREASE, resulting in the diaphragm being raised REDUCING the thoracic pressure.
69
Where does gas exchange in the lungs occur between?
-The ALVEOLI and BLOOD as a result of diffusion.
70
Where does oxygen move from?
-An area of HIGH CONCENTRATION (alveoli) into an area of LOW CONCENTRATION (blood.)
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Where does carbon dioxide move from?
-An area of HIGH CONCENTRATION (blood) into an area of LOW CONCENTRATION (alveoli.)
72
What is the efficiency of the alveoli increased by?
1. Large number of alveoli: creates a large SURFACE AREA for diffusion. 2. Large number of capillaries: blood is SLOWED as it passes through legenthing the time for diffusion. 3. Thin membrane: reducing the DISTANCE for diffusion.
73
How does gas exchange happen in the muscles?
-When gas is DELIVERED to the muscles, oxygen DISSOCIATES from HAEMOGLOBIN through diffusion. -A LOW concentration of oxygen in the working MUSCLES means oxygen diffuses down the concentration gradient and into the muscle. -Carbon dioxide diffuses from HIGH concentration in the MUSCLE to a low concentration in the blood.
74
What is partial pressure?
-It is the pressure that gas exerts. -Gas exchange occurs due to a GRADIENT forming between the differences in PARTIAL PRESSURE of oxygen at two sites. -The pressure gradient increases during EXERCISE due to oxygen levels in the blood decreasing. -Oxygen diffuses from an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION to an area of LOW CONCENTRATION and so does carbon dioxide.
75
What are some of the values when studying the respiratory system?
-Breathing rate -Tidal volume -Minute ventilation
76
What is the definition for breathing frequency?
-The number of BREATHS per minute. -Average resting value is 12 per minute.
77
What happens to the breathing frequency if the individual is fit?
-They have a LOWER breathing frequency.
78
What is the definition of tidal volume?
-The VOLUME of air displaced from the LUNGS during steady-state inspiration and expiration. -The average resting value is 50ml.
79
What does a higher tidal volume allow for?
-A LARGER tidal volume allows for a LARGER amount of CARBON DIOXIDE to be expelled from the lungs per breath.
80
What is the definition for minute ventilation?
-The VOLUME of air inspired or exhaled per minute. -Average resting value is 6.01 a minute.
81
What is minute ventilation a direct result of?
-The RELATIONSHIP between heart rate and stroke volume. Having a large minute ventilation aids oxygen transport.
82
What is the equation for minute ventilation?
-Tidal volume x breathing frequency
83
What are some of the other respiratory measurements?
-Residual volume: the volume of AIR that is LEFT in the lungs after FORCED expiration. -Expiratory reserve volume: the volume of AIR that can be EXPIRED FORCEFULLY following normal expiration. -Inspiratory reserve volume: the volume of AIR that can be INSPIRED FORCEFULLY following normal inspiration. -Vital capacity: the MAXIMUM VOLUME of the air that can be INSPIRED following a normal expiration. -Functional residual capacity: the amount of AIR within the lungs following normal expiration. -Total lung capacity: the amount of AIR that can be held in the lungs following MAXIMAL INSPIRATION.
84
LOOK AT TABLES IN THE BOOKLET AT CHANGES OF LUNG VOULME DURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY!
85
NEUROMUSCULAR: what is the neuromuscular system?
-It includes all the MUSCLES of the body and the surrounding NERVES that all work together.
86
What is sent in order to initiate a muscular contraction?
-A SIGNAL is sent via the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. -The signal is SENT to the appropriate MOTOR UNIT which causes the muscle to contract. -When the muscle contracts this pulls on the BONES and this is how movement is caused.
87
How do changes happen to the neuromuscular system?
-Changes occur in response to EXERCISE as a result of ADAPTATIONS.
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What changes occur?
-Increased SPEED of TRANSMISSION. -Improved COORDINATION between the nerves and muscles. -IMPROVED speed of contraction. -Increased vo2 max.
89
What is steady state exercise?
-It requires OXYGEN in order to FUEL muscle contractions. -The NEUROMUSCULAR SYSTEM works to ensure that rhythmic contractions occur and that OXYGEN is being delivered to meet the demand placed upon the body by the environment.
90
Why does vo2 improve as a result of exercise?
-Due to CAPILLARISATION. -More OXYGEN and CARBON DIOXIDE are exchanged to allow a greater volume of oxygen to the working muscles when EXERCISING.
91
Who is increased vo2 most useful for?
-Aerobic athletes. -These athletes require CONSTANT supply of oxygen to the working muscles during a LONG DURATION. -This will PREVENT early fatigue as the muscles will be supplied with NUTRIENTS and OXYGEN. -WASTE PRODUCTS will also be removed which helps to delay fatigue.
92
LOOK AT DATA IN BOOKLET!
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