Physiology Test #2

Question 1

Draw a pathway from the left visual field to the side and location of the brain it should be on.

Answer 1

• Lateral side of retina goes to occipital lobe on its same hemisphere
• Medial side of retina goes to occipital lobe on opposite hemisphere

Question 2

Corticotropin Releasing h. (CRH)

Answer 2

Stimulus: Decreased cortisol of stress
Source of secretion: Hypothalamus
Target: Anterior Pituitary gland
Goal: stimulate ACTH

Question 3

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 3

Source of secretion: Ant. Pit. gland
Stimulus: Corticotropin h.
Target: Adrenal Cortex

Question 4

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)

Answer 4

Source: Adrenal medulla
Secretion: Cortisol
Stimulus: ACTH
Target: All Cells with DNA
Effect: Controls metabolism of glucose and catabolism of proteins

Question 5

Thyrotropin-releasing h. (TRH)

Answer 5

Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Decreased T3 and T4
Target: Ant. Pit. Gland
Effect: Stimulate TSH release

Question 6

Thyroid stimulating h. (TSH)

Answer 6

Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: Increased TRH
Target: Thyroid gland
Effect: Stimulate T3 and T4 secretion

Question 7

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Tetra-iodothyronine (T4)

Answer 7

Source: Thyroid gland
Stimulus: Thyroid Stimulating h.
Target: All cells with DNA
*Negative feedback Loop

Question 8

Gonadotropin- releasing h. (GnRH)

Answer 8

Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Decreased levels of Estrogen, Progesterone, and Testosterone
Target: Anterior Pituitary gland
Effect: Stimulate release of FSH and LH

Question 9

Follicle stimulating h. (FSH)

Answer 9

Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: GnRH
Target: Gonads
Effect: Gamete production

Question 10

Luteinizing h. (LH)

Answer 10

Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: GnRH
Target: Follicle in ovary, leydig cells in testes
Effect: Hormone production (male and female)
-Ovulation

Question 11

Estrogen

Answer 11

Source: Ovary’s follicle, placenta (pregnancy)
Stimulus: FSH
Target: All cells except RBC’s
Effect: Secondary sex characteristic endometrial cell growth

Question 12

Progesterone

Answer 12

Source: Ovary’s corpus luteum, Placenta (pregnancy)
Stimulus: LH, hCG
Target: All cells except RBC’s
Effect: Secondary sex characteristic, Endometrial vascularization

Question 13

Testosterone

Answer 13

Source: Testes
Stimulus: LH
Target: All cells except RBC’s
Effect: Secondary sex chatacteristics, Assists with spermatogenesis

Question 14

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Answer 14

Source: Embryonic cells after fertilization
Stimulus: Embryonic cells
Target: Corpus luteum (Females)

Question 15

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Answer 15

Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Tonic nerve signal
Target: Ant. Pituitary gland
Effect: Prevent secretion of Prolactin

Question 16

Prolactin (LTH)

Answer 16

Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: Decreases in PIH
Target: Mammary glands and immune system
Effect: Milk production and strengthen immune system

Question 17

Somatostatin/Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Answer 17

Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Tonic release
Target: Ant. Pituitary gland
Effect: Inhibit somatotropin production

Question 18

Growth hormone- releasing hormone (GHRH)

Answer 18

Source: Hypothalamus
Stimulus: Melatonin & Sex hormones
Target: Ant. Pituitary gland
Effect: Stimulate somatotropin production

Question 19

Somatotropin/Growth Hormone

Answer 19

Source: Ant. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: Increased GHRH/Decreased GHIH
Target: Skeletal m. and bone
Effect: Growth, increased protein synthesis and glucose metabolism,

Question 20

Melanocyte stimulating h. (MSH)

Answer 20

Source: Ant. pituitary gland
Stimulus: Sunlight exposure
Target: Melanocytes & others
Effect: Increases Melanin (Pigment production) Increase appetite

Question 21

Antidiuretic hormone, Vasopressin (ADH)

Answer 21

Source: Hypothalamus, distributed from post. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: hypertonic interstitial fluid (lowered osmolality)
Target: Nephrons collecting ducts, vascular smooth muscle tissue
Effect: Reabsorption of pure water, vasoconstriction
Neg. Feedback control: Isotonic blood and interstitial fluid

Question 22

Oxytocin

Answer 22

Source: Hypothalamus, secreted from Post. Pituitary gland
Stimulus: Nerve stimulus from cervix stretch, suckling of baby on nipple
Target: Uterus and mammary glands
Effect: Uterine contractions, milk let down or release
Neg. Feedback control: Birth, stopping nursing

Question 23

Renin

Answer 23

Source: Juxtaglomerular cells
Stimulus: Decreased Renal blood pressure, flow or Na+
Target: Blood protein, angiotensinogen
Effect: converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 24

Angiotensinogen

Answer 24

Source: Liver
Stimulus: continuously released
Target: to be converted to angiotensin I
Effect: none

Question 25

Angiotensin I

Answer 25

Source: Converted from angiotensinogen Stimulus: Presences of Renin Target: Vascular smooth muscle Effect: Mild vasoconstriction

Question 26

Angiotensin II

Answer 26

``` Source: converted from angiotensin I Stimulus: ACE enzymes in lungs Target: -Vascular smooth muscle -adrenal cortex Effect: Strong vasoconstriction stimulates release of aldosterone ```

Question 27

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Answer 27

Source: Adrenal cortex Stimulus: Angiotensin II Target: Distal convoluted tubule of Nephron Effect: Reabsorption of Na+ Cl- & H2O

Question 28

Erythropoietin

Answer 28

``` Source: Juxtaglomerular cells Stimulus: Decreased Blood Oxygen Target: Bone marrow stem cells Effect: Increase RBC production Neg FB loop: Increase blood Oxygen ```

Question 29

Epinephrine

Answer 29

Source: Adrenal Gland Medulla Stimulus: Sympathetic N.S. stimulation Target: Alpha and Beta receptors Effect: Depends, IPSP or EPSP

Question 30

Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin)

Answer 30

``` Source: Thyroid Gland Stimulus: High Blood calcium -Growth Hormone -Puberty Target: Osteoclasts -Renal tubules -Intestines Effect: Inhibits osteoclastic activity -Block Ca++ reabsorption -Block Ca++ absorption Negative feedback: decrease Blood Ca++ ```

Question 31

Parathyroid h. (PTH)

Answer 31

``` Source: Parathyroid gland Stimulus: Low blood calcium Target: Bone osteoclasts -Renal tubules -Intestines Effect: Increase O.C. activity -Increase Ca++ Reabsorption -Increase Ca++ Absorption Neg. Feedback: Increase Blood Ca++ ```

Question 32

Insulin

Answer 32

``` Source: Beta Pancreatic Islet cells Stimulus: High blood glucose Target: Liver -Skeletal muscles Effect: Open glut channels, stimulate lipogenesis Neg. Feedback: Lower blood glucose -Controlled by blood glucose ```

Question 33

Glucagon

Answer 33

``` Source: Alpha pancreatic islet cells Stimulus: Low blood glucose Target: Liver Effect: Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis Neg. Feedback: Raise blood glucose ```

Question 34

Melatonin

Answer 34

``` Source: Pineal gland Stimulus: Inhibited by light -Stimulate by dark Target: Brain Effect: Induces sleepiness -Neutralizes free radicals -Circadian cycle ```

Question 35

somatomammotropin

Answer 35

``` Source: Human placenta Stimulus: Presence of a placenta Target: Maturnal Beta islet cells - maternal adipose cells Effect: Decreases insulin secretion -Increase lipolysis ```

Question 36

Secretin

Answer 36

Source: Mucosa cells of duodenum Stimulus: Acidic chyme in Duodenum Target: Stomach, Pancreas Effect: Decrease Acid secretion in stomach -Stimulate bicarbonate secretion from pancreas Neg. Feedback: Neutralize acid

Question 37

Enterogastrone (GIP)

Answer 37

``` Source: Mucosa cells of Duodenum Stimulus: Chyme in duodenum Target: Beta pancreatic islet cells -Inhibit stomach peristalsis Effect: Insulin secretion ```

Question 38

Cholecystokinin

Answer 38

Source: Mucosa cells of duodenum Stimulus: Fatty chyme in duodenum Target: Gall bladder Effect: Release bile/digestive enzymes into duodenum

Question 39

Gastrin

Answer 39

``` Source: Gamma cells in stomach gastric pits Stimulus: Gastric distention -Vagus nerve reflex Target: Stomach chief cells -Stomach parietal cells Effect: Secrete pepsinogen and HCL ```