What does location mean?
Where a place is in on a map -> Latitude and longitude
What does locale mean?
Where everyday life activities take place, dictating social interaction, attitude and behaviours
What does sense of place mean?
Subjective and emotional attachment to place
What is a space?
An area with no meaning
What is a place?
A space with a meaning
What is placelessness?
A landscape/place could be anywhere due to its lack of uniqueness -> When global forces have a greater influence on shaping places than local factors
Why does placelessness occurs?
When global forces have a greater influence on shaping places than local factors
What makes up a place?
-It’s location defined by a map
-Physical characteristics of the landscapes
-Human characteristics e.g. built environment
-The flow of things in and out e.g. people, money, ideas and resources
-A sense of place
How can the factors that make up a place change?
-Location cannot change
-Physical characteristics can have over long time scales e.g. rivers migrate or short time e.g. volcanoes eruptions
-Human characteristics can change over whole lifetimes e.g. new people born and other die or short time e.g. migration in and out
-Flows can change e.g. money flows when a transnational corporation invests in a new factory or close a pre-existing one
-A sense of place may change e.g. emotional meanings not the same as when you are child and returning when they are an adult
Differences in sense of place
Individuals and different groups of people have a different sense of the same place e.g. ethnic groups, homeless and general opinions
The tripartite model of place attachment
Branches into 3 groups which then further branch:
-Person -> Cultural groups e.g. religion and historical
-> Individual
-Place -> Social e.g. social arena and social symbol
-> Physical e.g. natural and built
-Process -> Affect e.g. Happiness, pride or love
-> Cognition e.g. Memory, knowledge, schemas or meaning
-> Behaviour e.g. Proximity-maintaining and reconstruction of place
What is our sense of place?
The meaning we give to a location, can be so strong it forms part of our identity
Why is the idea of place important?
Many people create their identity based in the place they feel connected to and they share characteristics that they feel bind them together as a group, creating a shared identity for all the people from that place
What is local scale?
Individuals from a village sharing a positive sense of that village
What is regional scale?
The individuals from a region sharing an accent
What is national scale?
Individuals of a nation sharing a language or a love for that nation
Factors of insiders and outsiders
-Age
-Sexuality
-Gender
-Ethnicity
Insider characteristics
-Born in the country or parents are from that country
-Permanent residence, holds a passport for that country, can work, claim benefits free housing and healthcare
- fluent in local language
-Understands unspoken rules of society
-Safe, secure, happy - feels at home in that country
Outsider characteristics
-Not born in that country -> immigrant or their parent may have been immigrants
-Temporary visitor, holds a foreign passport or limited visa, may not be able to work, vote or clam benefits, may be travelling for business, pleasure or safety (asylum seekers)
-Not fluent and doesn’t understand local idioms
-Frequently may misunderstand social interactions
-Homesick, alienated, in exile - feels out of place
What is social and spatial exclusion?
Exclusion from society and feeling ‘out of place’ or not belonging to a certain society which could result in poverty or belonging to a minority group
Spatial aspects of this can be to do with certain areas being excluded from society, could be chosen or could appear as a result of lack of investment by the government
What are gated communities?
Enclosed housing estates where access is strictly controlled - only residents can go in and out. Larger gated communities there may be shared local amenities as well so it is possible to complete daily activities without leaving. Over 1000 gated communities in the UK. Usually on a relatively small scale compared to the rest of the world
Examples of social exclusion groups
-Ethnic minorities
-LGBT+ communities
-Homelessness
-Immigrants
-Disabled
-Age
-Gypsies/travellers
Why do some people feel attachment and some feel dislocation?
-Issues such as rented accommodation or having short term housing tenancies -> Dislocated
-These groups may be dissatisfied with their area e.g. living in deprived conditions, lone parents, limited education and social opportunities as well as language barriers
-Feeling their area doesn’t provide them a good quality of life
Why are some Britons excluded from rural England?
-Most of the immigrant populations arriving in England moved into urban areas e.g. London, Birmingham or Manchester
-As a result cities are home to large black and Asian populations whereas rural areas are home to large white populations
-At the end of the Industrial Revolution people began to move out to the countryside as a symbol of ideal Britain
-In 2019 13.2% of visitors to UK national parks were from ethnic minority background
-Young people make up 11% of the UK population but only 3% of visitors to the Lake District in this age group
