1
Q
ICOMOS Charters
A
- Define best conservation practices
- Adherence is voluntary
2
Q
Venice Charter (ICOMOS doc)
A
- principle document defines universal doctrine of heritage conservation
- Conservation/restoration of monuments
- extends historical monument to include urban and rural setting
- Distinguishes between int (principles guiding work) and national (applying the plan within framework of own culture/traditions)
- influential for future ICOMOS charters
- reflects period of intense reconstruction after wwii
- narrow conservation focused on materialism
3
Q
Charters
A
- Adherence is voluntary
- No intrinsic legal status
- International models
4
Q
Predecessors to charters
A
- Int. consensus on conservation principles came out of 1850 restore vs anti-restore disagreement
5
Q
Athens Charter (ICOMOS doc)
A
- best use is existing use
- Came out of rebuilding of Warsaw which was done quickly/not accurately
- First international conversation charter
- Giovannoni heavily involved
- strong influence by anti-restoration, better to maintain/preserve
- welcomed science and tech (values of time)
- Seven Resolutions
1. establish int. orgs for restoration
2. proposed restoration should be subject to criticism
3. problems preservation historic sites solved at nat. level
4. excavated sites reburied if no immediate restoration
5. modern techniques/tech can be used
6. historical sites should be given strict custodial protection
7. attention should be given to areas around historic sites
6
Q
Florence Charter (ICOMOS doc)
A
- fairly dated to it’s time
- emphasizes physical landscapes over aspects of cultural aspects
7
Q
Burra Charter (ICOMOS doc)
A
- principles/procedures for Australia
- important innovations: place and cultural significance
- place replaces Venice Charters ‘mouments & sites’
- respect existing, minimal intervention
- balances tangible and intangible
- Set standard for understanding cultural significance, it has to come before policy and management and done through research
- Sets purpose for interpretation cause cultural significance is not readily apparent and should be explained through interpretation
8
Q
Nara Document on Authenticity (ICOMOS doc)
A
6i 6 b-japan concerned about their way of conservation: periodically rebuilding structures with new materials
- authenticity:clarify and illuminate collective memory of humanity
- places cultural diversity first, more focused on intangible
- authenticity may be in act not the tangible
9
Q
Paris Declaration (ICOMOS doc)
A
- incorporating heritage into the development process
10
Q
Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (UNESCO Convention) (a.k.a Hague Convention)
A
- defines cultural property, archaeological sites etc.
- addresses ways to identify and safeguard cultural property
- 1st international treaty to focus on heritage during armed conflict
- referred to state to state conflict, so it has flaws, could enforce individual criminal acts, terrorism, intrastate war
11
Q
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNESCO doc)
A
- set up world heritage list
- defined cultural landscape
12
Q
Convention for the safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (UNESCO doc)
A
- set up list of intangible heritage and list of intangible heritage in need of urgent safeguarding
13
Q
European Charter
A
- diff from ICOMOS charters at time
- focuses on towns, groups of lesser buildings, socio-economic values with a nod to environment (precursor to pillars of sustainability)
14
Q
Venice Charter
A
- differentiated between conservation and reservation
- Former = umbrella term, ladder = revealing the past values of a monument (returning it to the appearance of an earlier stage of dev)
15
Q
Conservation
A
- all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance
- all-inclusive term
- may embrace change
16
Q
Preservation
A
- maintaining a place in its existing state and retarting deterioration
- similar to maintenance and repair (but, preservation is not a series of ongoing activities - usually a one-time intervention)
- same objectives as ‘anti-restoration’
- may retain both tangible and intangible cultural heritage
17
Q
Preserving the Great Mosque at Djenne
A
- mosque is a world heritage site as it was a former centre for the diffusion of Islam in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
- effects of weather on the mud finish may annual maintenance essential
- Every year, the entire community participates in an annual festival (le crepissage de la grande mosque) to help maintain
- In 2006, it was declared in danger of collapse and began extensive restoration
- Festival returned in 2012 - increased local morale and values
18
Q
Restoration
A
- returning a place to a known earlier state by removing accretion or by reassembling existing elements without the introduction of new material
- intention is to reveal its appearance from its period of greatest significance
- features that never existed should not be added
- should only take place if sufficient evidence
- may involve the permanent loss of historical fabric that is later in date than the restoration period
19
Q
period restoration
A
-a place is returned to its appearance at an earlier time
20
Q
composite restoration
A
-significant features from all historical periods are left intact, but allowing the removal of material judged to be of little or no cultural significance (may be considered preservation)
21
Q
SPNEA
A
- Society for the preservation of New England antiquities
- Non-profit organization founded in 1910 which began making a portfolio of restored early buildings, converted to museums
- Preservation was preferred treatment
22
Q
Rehabilitation (canada, US) / adaptation (australia)
A
- modifying a property to enable an efficient contemporary use, whether this is the existing use or a proposed use
- done by retaining those components that contribute to its cultural significance and adding to those that do not
- typically occurs to meet building codes and ordinances
- use of building may continue or be stopped (adaptive reuse may require extensive modifications)
23
Q
Reconstruction
A
- returning a place to a known earlier state and includes the introduction of new materials
- highly specialized and should only be completed when necessary
- Venice Charter forbids reconstruction
24
Q
Old Warsaw and the Frauenkirche
A
- 85% of historic city of Warsaw was destroyed during WW2 including the church
- Before the war, the Warsaw technical university had documented much of the city’s cultural heritage
- city and church was rebuilt by polish authorities
25
Risks of reconstruction
- may damage or destroy the original archaeological record
- physical fabric of reconstruction usually lacks cultural significance and is considered less authentic
- it is important the reconstructions do not repeat design errors of original designs
26
stabalization
-minimum amount of work needed to safegaurd a historic place from elements and/or collapse
27
rescue archeology
-applied to remains that are exposed or threatened by active development
28
consolidation
-reinforcement of a deteriorated feature, often by physical application of adhesives or supports within the material to achieve structural integrity
29
replication
-copying a prototype that still exists
30
reassembly (reconstitution)
-components of a dismantled historic place are put back together (called anastylosis in the Venice Charter)
31
moving
-relocating a building or structure to another site (usually as a last resort to demolition)
32
fragmentation
-portions of a historic place are retained and reassembled, either on the original site or somewhere else
33
facadism (or facadotomy)
-variation of fragmentation where the facade of a building is retained and all else is rebuilt
34
renovation
-extensive changes and/or additions to a historic place in a process of renewal (internal or external)
35
Combining treatments
- in many cases, more than on method of conservation treatment is often applied to a historic place (as per Burra Charter)
- heritage planning process should define the primary conservation treatment and secondary treatments
36
Combing treatments - e.g. the Reichstag
- built in 1894 to accommodate the parliament of imperial Germany
- destroyed by fire in 1945
- exterior walls were restored, wartime scars and graffiti were preserved
- damaged and missing exterior features were restored
- interior was renovated, etc.
37
Lack of standards and guidelines in charters
- principles in charters are far too general and do not carry weight of enforceability
- e.g. Burra Charter - "aim of conservation is to retain cultural significance of a place"
- therefore, a series of manuals were developed (e.g. conservation plan of historic buildings)
- still remains a disconnect between conservation charters and actual conservation work
38
the introduction of standards and guidelines
- US led the way with standards and guidelines
- standards, aka principles, are quite conceptual
- guidelines are more practica;
39
The secretary of the interior's standards and guidelines for rehabilitation, 1976
- introduced y the US national park service
| - key step in addressing the theoretical nature and non-enforceability of best practices
40
American system for overseeing rehabilitation is based on 2 significant federal laws. The first is:
- national preservation act of 1966, which established
- national register of historic places
- administrative system left by state historic preservation officers (SHPOs)
- grants through the historic preservation fund
- technical assistance to owners of historic places
41
American system for overseeing rehabilitation is based on 2 significant federal laws. The second is:
- tax reform act of 1976, which provides financial incentives for rehabilitation
- projects wanting to benefit from the incentives must follow the standards for rehabilitation, clarified in the guidelines for preserving, rehabilitating, restoring & reconstructing historic buildings
- national park service has produced separate guidelines to address the treatment of cultural heritage landscapes
42
Canadian conservation system
- attempted to introduce the historic places initiative in 2001, but was never launched
- Canadian standards and guidelines (2003, revised in 2010) remain as an important document
- includes 14 tightly worded standards that recap the most important and relevant of the doctrine from the ICOMOS charters
- introduces the concept of character-defining elements
43
Relationship between charters, standards, and guidelines
-pyramid starting with charters at the top, then standards, then guidelines (advice on achieving best practices), and advice from professionals
44
Example of the relationship between charters, standards and guidelines (retaining cultural significance)
- charter: aim of conservation is to retain the cultural significance of a place
- principle: conservation is the process of managing change to a significant place in its setting in ways that will best sustain its heritage values...
- standard: historic character of a property will be retain and preserved...
- etc.
45
Principle of misintervention (often misunderstood)
- one should repair rather than replace deteriorated features, and also in reaction to the threat of removing culturally significant material during conservation work
- minimal does not mean doing nothing or little
46
Principle of reversibility
- new additions and adjacent or related new construction will be undertaken in such a manner than, if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be unimpaired
- it is often impracticable to introduce reversible changes, but it should be attempted
47
Understanding 3 steps
- understand significance of cult. heritage resource (know + potential)
- Understand condition of the property
- understand the heritage planning regulatory framework
48
Broad Classes of Cult Heritage
- immovable heritage
- moveable heritage
- intangible heritage
49
Statement of Cult. Heritage Value or Interest
- key components: legal description, descript, of property, statement of cult heritage value, description of heritage attributes
50
Fivro - look at the slides?
- only one that deals with heritage buildings
51
Regulation 9/06 of OHA
- determine what has design or physical value
- criticized for being too broad
- property historical value or associative value
- property has contextual value
52
The process of understanding a historical place
- Research: historical research, physical investigation, community engagement
- Evaluation: identify heritage values, determine significance
53
Characteristics of Historic Places
- structure: how it behaves
- condition:
- integrity:
- vulnerability
54
Value vs Significance
- value is a characteristic that is valued vs significance is a synthesize of those values
- significance of a place is determined by synthesizing many values that are attached to it
55
How the Bura Charter defined cultural significance
- aesthetic, historic, scientific, social, or spiritual value for past, present, future gens (cause values change over time)
- embodied in the place itself: fabric, setting, uses, associations etc.
- places have range of values for diff. individuals or groups
56
Integrity
- complete lack of change or
| - if it retains the features that possess cultural significance
57
Authenticity
- complicated definition
| - defining document is the NARA doc that explains it in terms of cultural diversity and heritage diversity
58
Values-centered conservation
- balance technical with socio-political
- instead of historical/aesthetic value, greater emphasis on social, spiritual, and economic
- have to listen to community cause values are socially constructed
59
Existence, Option, Bequest Value
- value placed for mere existence of place
- relates to option of one consuming place's services in future
- wish to bequeath to future generations
60
Evidential value, Historical value, aesthetic value, communal value
- yield evidence of past human activity
- past, present can be connected
- draw sensory and intellectual stimulation
- meaning of place to people that relate to it
61
Statement of Significance
- declaration of value that explains historic place and why it is important
- CDEs tangible/intangible features that express heritage values
62
Statutes
- aka acts or laws, and at the municipal level bylaws or ordinances
- enacted by the elected legislature of the country, state, or local gov
63
administrative regulations
- aka guidelines
| - prepared to explain procedures in more detail and tell how to comply with the statutes
64
policy
-indicates directions that a government intends to follow (usually with future legislation) but does not have force of law
65
treaties and formal agreements
- international treaties: made between two separate countries
- UNESCO conventions are similar to treaties (members are expected to ratify them)
- treaties can also occur between two nations within a single country
66
Primary constituents of European-derived heritage legislative system:
- a list (started off as just being places high in age, then expanded to conservation areas, buildings and ruins)
- legislation that protects historic places considered special from defacement, destruction, or unapproved changes
- requirement to report archaeological discoveries (create a timeline)
- funding assistance to help conserve historic places
- creation of an administrative body
67
curatorial management of historic places
-general structure of heritage legislation follows methods used by museums
68
what does heritage legislation address
- addresses the management of property and is based on traditional English land use law
- "a man's home is his castle"
69
eminent domain
- aka compulsory purchase in the UK, expropriation in Canada, and resumption in Australia
- a 'taking' of a property by the state for public use by means of its power of eminent domain
70
NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission
- created in 1965 as a regulator empowered to protect historic places
- e.g. grand central station, denied proposed addition due to 'taking' - supported by the commission
71
UK Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1882)
- first legislation in Great Britain
- began with only unoccupied structures, but expanded to occupied structures in 1946 under the Town and Planning Protection Act
72
UK Civic Amenities Act (1967)
-extended to historical areas (conservation areas)
73
Current UK legislation
- Ancient Monuments and Archeological Areas Act (1979)
- Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas Act (1990)
- each of the countries that make up the UK have their own heritage agency
74
England Historic Buildings and Monument Commission
- government statutory advisor on the historic environment
- maintains the national heritage list for England (NHLE)
- most public intervention occurs at the local level
75
Historic Scotland
- executive agency responsible to the Scottish government's Department of Arts, Culture, & Sport
- similar to England, local authorities are responsible for heritage management
76
Cadw (keep or protect): Wales Heritage Agency
-part of the Welsh government's Housing and Regeneration and Heritage Department
77
Northern Ireland Environmental Agency
-resides in the Department of Environment and is responsible for heritage
78
US heritage legislation
- Antiquities Act (1906) provided a means for protecting important places with historic, prehistoric, and commemorative value
- historic preservation became the responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) (1916)
- Historic American Building Survey (HABS) (1933) - created employment during the depression, works today alongside the Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) and the Historic American Landscape Survey (HALS)
- at the same time as the HABS, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was also created to help develop national park sites
- Historic Site Act (1935) to preserve buildings
79
O reg 906
- know this biche
80
Best practices vs legal framework
- best practices no legal weight
| - should vs shal
81
Law vs policy vs guideline
- law - enforceable rules
- policies -
- guideline -
82
UNESCO Documents
- convention: synonymous w treaty, define rules for states to apply
- recommendation: addressed to one or more states
- declaration: purely moral or political commitment (except human rights one), similar to guideline
83
second hague convention
- improved on first hague:
- enhanced protection
- established committee to protect
- created provisions for individual responsibility for protection during armed conflict
- created fund
84
convention of means of prohibiting illicit import, export, transfer of ownership of cult property
- focuses on looting, looted artifacts,
| - 3rd largest criminal activity
85
Three Main Pillars
1. preventive
2. restitution
3. international cooperation
86
1972 convention unesco
- no reference of cultural landscapes/intangible stuff
| - heritage may be local, but has int. context
87
Convention of Intangible
- response to 1972 conention
- can not signed on, but Quebec City signed on cause too vague and too hard to do cause we to multicultural, would have to apply to indigenous cultures
88
Faro Convention
- cultural heritage and access to is human right, need it for democratic society
- three main principles: recognize cult diversity is benefit, democratic participation is beuno, improving living env and QOL
89
Do we have fed heritage act?
- no
- have env assessment act - deals with cult heritage
- have national building code
- supreme court decisions, railway act, lighthouse act
90
Can govt and heritage
- we have federation with distinct powers at various levels
| - provinces have some control
91
Dresden Elbe Valley
- put in danger in 2006, designated in 2004
- town of Dresden wanted to build a bridge over cult heritage landscape
- fed was unable to protect outstanding cult value (critique by world heritage committee)
- Germany was against bridge, but state of Saxony (free state) was like no
- german supreme court - no fed legislation to protect landscape, because heritage is in powers of states not germany
92
guest lecture - 3 legs of heritage conservation
- recognition
- protection
- funding
93
Why identify arch styles
- aids in regulation/identification of places (oha requirements)
- identify key attributes
- pitfalls: exclusivity
94
Australia heritage legislation
- heritage was first addressed in the commonwealth (federal) level under the Australian Heritage Commission Act (1975)
- Australian Heritage Council (independent appointed body of experts)
- important difference from Britain and the US: heritage is addressed in the same statute as the environment
- Australian Natural Heritage Charter takes an integrated approach between heritage and env.
- Australia's Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act enforces heritage and environmental obligations
- protects the heritage of a place rather than only the site itself
- Australian Heritage Commission Act addresses Indigenous Rights
95
Canada heritage legislation
- federal government has the power to overrule provincial decisions but it chooses not to regarding land use or heritage (therefore, no federal heritage legislation)
- 2 statutes allow the federal government to get involved: the Heritage Railway Protection Act (1990) and the Heritage Lighthouse Protection Act (2008)
- federal gov has influence on the practice and awareness of heritage - heritage program is administered by Parks Canada
- Parks Canada developed the Cultural Resources Management Policy (2013) to provide a model for heritage planning
- agency introduced the Historic Places Initiative (HPI) in 2001 which recognizes places registered as historic places
- federal government also provides funding
- some provinces have created an entity that commemorates places and people of provincial significance
- provinces sometimes pass on responsibility to local governments
96
building codes
- prescriptive (regulations describe the specific requirements for construction): good for new construction, but can pose issues for renovation or rehabilitation
- sometimes older buildings can receive special provisions (alternative compliance)
- new code is beginning to replace the prescriptive code: performance-based or objective based (describes the required performance that a building system must meet)
97
energy codes
- drive to achieve more sustainable construction / design of buildings
- can discriminate old buildings
98
accessibility standards
- can pose issues for older buildings
| - the US has developed alternative requirements for buildings that cannot meet requirements
99
zoning
- started with a focus on regulating land use
- other aspects include floor area ration, site coverage, height limits, building envelopes, etc.
- Canada generally follows the US system - regulatory: based on the desire for certainty
100
incentive zoning
-development that meets established policy objectives is encouraged with a system of rewards (often in the form of additional heights, density, etc.)
101
heritage planning and community plans
- heritage planning is most effective when the conservation plan for a community is a component of the comprehensive community plan
- UNESCO recommends that all official plans must provide for heritage conservation
102
conservation plan
- more recently, heritage policy is contained in a separate conservation plan (could be at the local, regional, provincial level, etc.)
- relationship between heritage and planning is better integrated in England than the US
103
Components of Historic Preservation Plans
1. statement of goals/purpose
2. definitions of the historic character of the state, province, neighbourhood...
3. summary of past and current efforts
4. survey of historic resources in the community
5. explanation of the legal basis for protection of historic resources
6. statement of the relationship between historic preservation and local land-use and growth management authority
7. statement of the public sector's responsibilities towards city-owned historic places
8. statement of incentives that are, or should be, available to assist in preservation
9. statement of the relationship between historic preservation and a community's educational system and program
10. a precise statement of goals and policies, including a speech agenda for future action
PLAN 414
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