protostar
large hot ball of gas (not a star yet)
protoplanetary disk
mass around the protostellar sun
inner planets
rocky
outer planets
gaseous
primary atmosphere
gasses gathered from the disk
secondary atmosphere
gasses from the planet itself
Radial Velocity
finds planets orbiting stars that have velocity changes
transits
exoplanets move across other stars and cause changes in stellar brightness
microlensing
makes a star temporarily brighter through a planet’s gravity focusing its light
direct imaging
look for a planet through an image
hot Jupiters
planets bigger than Jupiter that orbits close to their stars