Tissue vs organ and 3 main plant organs
Tissue - group of 1+ cell types that perform a specialized function
Organ - several types of tissues working together to do stuff
Roots, stems, leaves.
Root system vs shoot system
Root system: absorbs water, anchors plant, stores carbohydrates
Shoot system: makes sugar, helps reproduction, basically anything above ground
These systems rely on each other to sustain the plant
Blade petiole, reproductive shoot, taproot and lateral roots
Petiole: the little ‘stem’ holding the leaf
Reproductive shoot: flower
Taproot: dicot root system, big main root
Lateral roots: small roots off of taproot (dicots)
Function of root hairs, proproots, storage roots.
Root hairs: absorb water and minerals
Prop roots: roots above ground
Storage roots: store nutrients underground
Strangling aerial roots, pneumatophores, buttress roots
Strangling: above ground roots that ‘strangle’ another plant
Pneumatophores: above ground roots that specialize in gaseous exchange (think mangroves)
Buttress roots: Large, shallow, partially above ground roots (think tropical areas with poor soil)
Stem parts: nodes and internodes
Nodes: where leaves are attached
Internodes: stem between nodes
Apical vs axiliary buds and apical dominance
Apical (terminal) bud: near shoot tip, causes elongation of young shoots
Axiliary bud: has potential to form lateral shoot/branch
Apical dominance: makes most axiliary buds dormant
Modified stem types (4)
Rhizomes
Bulbs
Stolons
Tubers
Leaf, blade, petiole
Leaf: main photosynthetic organ in most vascular plants
Blade: the first part you think of when you hear leaf
Petiole: connects leaf to stem
Simple vs compound vs doubly compound leaf
Simple: 1 leaf
Compound: many leaflets (but not too many)
Doubly compound: many teeny tiny leaf bits)
Modified leaf types (5)
Tendrils
Spines
Storage leaves
Reproductive leaves
Bracts
3 tissue system layers in plants?
Dermal tissue: outside
Ground tissue: middle
Vascular tissue: centre
Difference between tissue systems in woody + non-woody plants?
Woody: periderm replaces epidermis in older material
Non-woody: waxy coating (cuticle) helps prevent water loss
Trichomes and vascular tissue system? Another name?
Trichomes: tiny growths (like hair) on outside of plants that do stuff (ie insect defence)
Vascular system: long-distance transport of stuff b/w roots and shoots
Stele
Xylem vs phloem
Xylem: water and dissolved materials (UP)
Phloem: nutrients to where they’re needed
Ground tissue system: define, internal + external tissue
Ground tissue = not dermal and not vascular
Internal: pith
External: cortex
Types of plant cells (5)
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Water-conducting cells (xylem)
Sugar- conducting cells (phloem)
Parenchyma cell characteristics (5)
- Have thin and flexible primary walls
–Lack secondary walls
–Are the least specialized
–Perform the most metabolic functions
–Retain the ability to divide and differentiate
Collenchyma characteristics (4)
- Grouped in strands and support young parts of the plant shoot
•They have thicker and uneven cell walls
•They lack secondary walls
•These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth
Sclerenchyma characteristics (2)
- Rigid, thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin
•They are dead at functional maturity
Sclereids and fibers (Sclerenchyma cell types)
- Sclereids are short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified secondary walls
–Fibers are long and slender and arranged in threads
Xylem cells:
Vessels
Vessel elements
Tracheids
Vessel elements: align to form long micro pipes (vessels)
Tracheids: found in xylem
