Plantations!

Question 1

What are the plantations?

Answer 1

This is a name given to the period of Irish history. when, in the 16th and 17th centuries, Irish land was confiscated by the English crown and colonised by British settlers.

Question 2

What was the pale?

Answer 2

The area around Dublin directly under the control of the English crown

Question 3

Expand on the pale

Answer 3

1. It was the base of English power in Ireland. They are the English language, customs, dress, farming methods ( mainly crop farming ) and laws were practised.
2. Only the pale was fully under the crown control.
3. The reformation in England led to increased tension between the Gaelic Irish, the Anglo Irish, and the English who lived in the pale.

Question 4

What were the Anglo Irish and what were their other name?

Answer 4

The Anglo Irish or old English were the descendants of the Anglo Normans who had invaded Ireland in the 12th century

Question 5

What type of traditions did the Anglo Normans have?

Answer 5

They were known as the Gallicised Anglo Normans because by 1500 they had adopted the Gaelic traditions and laws as well as the English ones

Question 6

Who was the Lord deputy?

Answer 6

This was the Kings representative in Ireland

Question 7

Who were the Gaelic Irish?

Answer 7

The Gaelic Irish were the Gaelic Chieftans who followed Irish law known as Brehon law

Question 8

What were the Brehon laws?

Answer 8

These were Gaelic Irish laws stating back as far as the iron age

Question 9

Who did Gaelic Irish recognise as the ruler of Ireland?

Answer 9

They didn’t have one clear ruler of Ireland as it was split into areas ruled by Chieftans however they firmly did not believe that the crown had control of Ireland. They believe that the crown only had control of Dublin.

Question 10

.

Answer 10

1. O’Neills of Tyrone.
2. O’Donnell of Donegal.
3. McCarthy’s of cork

Question 11

six examples of Brehon laws

Answer 11

1. Courts are held on hillsides.
2. There were no jails or executions fines were used as punishment.
   3.wealth measured by a number of cattle owned.
3. divorce allowed
4. A wife kept her own name, wealth, and property.
   6.children born outside marriage were entitled to a share of their father’s wealth or property.

Question 12

Six examples of English common law

Answer 12

1. Court held in courthouses.
2. Horse jail sentences and death by hanging given as punishment
   3.wealth measured in monetary terms
3. divorce forbidden
   5.a wife took her husband‘s name, and her property and wealth became his
   6.children born outside marriage could not inherit any of their father’s wealth or property.

Question 13

Name six reasons why the tutors wanted to fully conquer Ireland

Answer 13

1. To expand their territory
2. To spread English customs culture and laws.
3. To spread their new religion of Protestantism
4. To prevent the catholic Gaelic Irish forming an alliance with other catholic countries.
5. To prevent further rebellions.
6. To save money as planting set in Ireland would be cheaper than paying soldiers to protect the English already in Ireland.

Question 14

Why did they need to prevent further rebellions? What was the first main rebellion?

Answer 14

The Fitzgerald rebellion of 1534 was when the Lord deputy’s son Thomas Fitzgerald heard the rumour that his father had been beheaded in London by King Henry VIII so he tried to rally the Lords of the pale and he attacked Dublin castle.

Question 15

What was surrender and re grant and who attempted to control Ireland with it?

Answer 15

Henry VIII attempted to control Ireland through peaceful means with the policy called surrender and re grant. Under this policy Anglo Irish and Gaelic Irish rulers were to surrender themselves and their land to Henry VIII and he would grant their land back to them along with an English title

Question 16

Name five points about surrender and re grant

Answer 16

1. Titles such as Earl, Lord, and Barron were given.
2. Local rulers acknowledged Henry VIII as king of Ireland, accepting that he had legal right to their land and promised their loyalty to him.
3. Henry VIII could confiscate the Lord’s land if their behaviour angered him
4. Land was passed directly from father to son in the English system this was known as succession whereas with the Brehon laws clan own leader to own all the land
5. This led to increased wealth and power for certain families.

Question 17

What would happen with the confiscated Irish lands?

Answer 17

They could be sold or rented to loyal English settlers, this was known as plantation. The new settlers on the land were known as planters.

Question 18

What were three things planters did?

Answer 18

1. They would spread English customs and laws.
2. They would defend the land from the Gaelic Irish.
3. They would spread the religion of the English crown.

Question 19

Who were the main Gaelic Irish Lords of Laois and Offaly in the 16th century?

Answer 19

The O’Moores and the O’Connors

Question 20

Who was in control of the UK during the 16th century and the first plantation?

Answer 20

Queen Mary I

Question 21

Why was the Laois, Offaly plantation started?

Answer 21

The Laois-Offaly plantation was started because the two main Gaelic Irish Lords in the area would rate the pale frequently, mainly for cattle. Queen Mary I sent her Lord deputy to confiscate the O’Moore and O’Connor lands as punishment. A plantation was then organised.

Question 22

What’s six things were done to create the Laois-Offaly plantation?

Answer 22

1. The two counties were renamed the Queens County and the Kings County.
2. Each county was assigned a sheriff to enforce English laws and customs
3. The towns of Portlaoise and Daingean were renamed Maryborough and Phillipstown, after Mary I and her husband Philip II of Spain.
4. The confiscated land was divided into states of between 350 and 1000 acres.
5. Land was given to Englishmen born in England or Ireland.
6. English style houses had to be built.

Question 23

What were the six results of the Laois-Offaly plantation? Why or why not did it work?

Answer 23

1. It was a failure
2. It did not attract enough planters from England
3. English customs and laws did not flourish
4. The confiscated lands were still attacked.
5. Gaelic planters had to be given land.
6. It led to better planning in future plantations.

Question 24

Who initiated the Munster plantation?

Answer 24

Elizabeth I

Question 25

During the 16th century, what family ruled to the majority of Munster

Answer 25

The Fitzgerald’s of Desmond

Question 26

Who were adventures?

Answer 26

These were men who claimed to be descendants of the early Normans who had been granted land in Munster by Henry II

Question 27

What did Elizabeth ask the adventurers to do?

Answer 27

She sent them to claim land in Munster

Question 28

As well as adventures, what group of people did Elizabeth send to Munster?

Answer 28

She appointed presidents who imposed English law, English language and the Protestant religion

Question 29

What religion was Queen Mary?

Answer 29

She was Catholic

Question 30

What religion was Henry III?

Answer 30

He was Protestant

Question 31

What religion was Elizabeth I?

Answer 31

She was protestant

Question 32

What happened as soon as adventurers were sent to Munster? What were they known as?

Answer 32

There were two rebellions, known as the Desmond rebellion

Question 33

Describe the two rebellions

Answer 33

1. The first in 1569, was led by James Fitzmorris Fitzgerald a cousin of the Earl of Desmond. This rebellion was put down easily. 2. The second rebellion in the 1579, began when Fitzgerald returned to Ireland with soldiers sent by Pope Gregory XIII. He was soon killed, but his cousin the Earl of Desmond took over. They were finally defeated in 1583 and his head was sent to Queen Elizabeth while his body was displayed in cork.

Question 35

What was done with the Desmond land?

Answer 35

They were given to undertakers

Question 36

Who were undertakers?

Answer 36

Men who undertook to do as they were told with the land given to them

Question 37

Name the seven things undertakers agreed to do

Answer 37

1. Split the land into enormous states of 4000 to 12,000 acres. 2. Only hire English farmers, labourers or craftsman. 3. Pay rent to the crown 4. Bring their own tenants, servants, sheep, Castle and horses from England. 5. Spread protestantism and English loads and customs 6. Be prepared for catholic attack attacks, including a possible Spanish invasion and construct defences. 7. Completely remove the Gaelic Irish from the land.

Question 38

What were the eight results of the Munster plantation? Did it work, why or why not?

Answer 38

1. It was not a complete failure, but they did not manage to completely take over Munster. 2. The crown had hoped for 20,000 settlers but only 1/5 of that number went. 3. They still have to rent to the Gaelic Irish, as the estates were too large to be managed by planters alone. 4. The Gaelic Irish continued to attack the plantations. 5. New towns were set up for example Killarney, Lismore, Youghal, Mallow and Bandon. These cities became centres for trade. 6. New farming methods were brought to Ireland, tillage grew in popularity. 7. New trade came to Ireland such as coopering which was the making of timber barrels. 8. lessons were learned for future plantations

Question 39

.

Answer 39

The O’Neills of Tyrone and the O’Donnell of Donegal

Question 40

How did Queen Elizabeth hope to control Ulster?

Answer 40

She wanted to give Hugh O’Neill the title of Earl of Tyrone and he would be loyal to her

Question 41

Who initiated the Ulster plantation?

Answer 41

Elizabeth I had the idea and King James I

Question 42

What did Hugh O’Neill do?

Answer 42

He was angered by the adventurers and sheriffs so he asked Catholic King Philip II of Spain for help to defend Ulster from Protestantism. No troops were sent but the Ulster chiefs rebelled in 1594 regardless.

Question 43

What happened the Ulster chiefs rebelled?

Answer 43

The nine years war began from 1594 to 1603

Question 44

What happens during the nine years war? When did it happen?

Answer 44

From 1594 to 1603 Gaelic clans in Ulster fought against the spread of English control. Hugh O’Neill won several battles including the battle of the yellow Ford, which inspired other parts of the country to rebel. King Philip of Spain changed his mind and sent up to 4000 soldiers to support O’Neill. The ships landed at Kinsale in Cork in 16 oh one but were captured by the English. O’Neill and O’Donnell try to help but we defeated in the battle of Kinsale.

Question 45

What treaty was created to stop the nine years war?

Answer 45

The treaty of Mellifont was signed by the clans in Ulster and the English crown to end the war

Question 46

What happened after the treaty was signed?

Answer 46

The crown continued to try gain control of Ulster. O’Neill and other Ulster chiefs fled for Europe in 1607 which was an event known as the flight of the earls. They hoped to return with troops however, without them there was no resistance to English rule in Ulster.

Question 47

What were the five ways the Ulster plantation was organised and set up?

Answer 47

1. it’s area covered six counties Donegal, Derry , Tyrone, Armagh , Fermanagh, and Cavan 2. The land was divided into smaller estates than in Munster, none were bigger than 2000 acres 3. The rules for the planters were more strict than on any of the other plantations. 4. Estates were given to 3 different types of planters. 5. King James reserved the entire county of Derry for London craft guilds and he renamed it London Derry.

Question 48

What were the three different types of planters in Ulster

Answer 48

Undertaker, servitors and loyal Irish

Question 49

What were servitors?

Answer 49

Servitors were English or Scottish soldiers who had fought for the crown

Question 50

What were loyal Irish in Ulster?

Answer 50

These were native Irish people who had stayed loyal to the crown during the nine years war

Question 51

Elaborate on what King James did with Derry during the Ulster plantation

Answer 51

He renamed it LondonDerry and split it into sections of land that were given to different guilds for example tailors, fishmongers and Goldsmiths. They built two large towns Derry and Coleraine . The Gaelic Irish had to live outside Derry’s walls in a boggy area known to this day as the Bogside.

Question 52

Name eight results of the Ulster plantation

Answer 52

1. Many planters arrived in a small amount of time causing the population of Ulster to grow to 200,000, 40,000 of this being Scottish. 2. Ulster became plantation most loyal to the Crown. 3. The Protestants population increased. Tensions between Catholics and Protestants rose. 4. Gaelic Irish were driven off their land. 5. Rebellions occurred. 6. Over 20 new towns were founded such as Enniskillen and Donegal 7. English style houses and stone castles were built on the estates 8. New farming methods were introduced and crop farming became favoured over cattle farming.

Question 53

Describe the main rebellion that occurred after the creation of the Ulster plantation and its success.

Answer 53

Ulster Protestants were massacred during a rebellion in 1641

Question 54

What happened after the rebellion in 1641?

Answer 54

The English general Oliver Cromwell arrived in Ireland to avenge those who died. He re-conquered Ireland executed rebel leaders, confiscated catholic owned land across the island and gave it to Protestant planters, and drove the Catholics West.

Question 55

Name the three main effects of the plantations on Irish identity

Answer 55

1. Religious identity. 2. Political conflict. 3. Cultural change.

Question 56

What is meant by religious identity as an effect of the plantations?

Answer 56

As large numbers of Protestant planters settled in Ireland catholic Irish clans lost their land and new religious divisions were created. By 1700 Protestants owned 85% of the land and this wealthy landlord class became known as the Protestant ascendancy.

Question 57

What is meant by political conflict as an effect of the plantations?

Answer 57

Protestants insured that they held onto their control even during conflict by introducing penal laws. This would go onto shape people political beliefs and influence parties. They supported in the years and centuries to come.

Question 58

What were the penal laws?

Answer 58

Laws that suppressed the status of Catholics in Ireland

Question 59

Name five things Catholics were forbidden to do according to the penal laws

Answer 59

1. By or inherit land. 2. Travel 5 miles from their home. 3. Attend catholic mass. 4. Miss attending Protestant services 5. Marry a protestant.

Question 60

What is meant by cultural change as an effect of the plantations?

Answer 60

As the Gaelic chief in lost power, the culture and language of the Gaelic Irish declined. The English language became the main language of power and trade and English laws replaced Gaelic Brehon laws. English farming methods became more popular leading to more tillage work crop farming. Urban Society became more common as well as more towns were built during the plantations.

Question 61

What was wattle and daub?

Answer 61

Woven mesh plastered with mixture of mud, dung sand, and straw

Question 62

What is a contentious issue?

Answer 62

This is an issue that people are likely to argue about

Question 63

What was the square in the middle of a plantation town called?

Answer 63

Diamond

Question 64

What was the diamond used for?

Answer 64

An area to hold weekly markets

Question 65

Describe each of the plantations by who started them when they were started and whether or not they were a fail?

Answer 65

1. Surrender and re-grant- Henry VIII- (1509-1547) 2. Laois Offaly- Mary I- (1554-1558) 3. Munster- Elizabeth I- (1558-1603) 4. Ulster- James I- (1603-1625)