Plants

Question 1

Endosperm?

Answer 1

storage material, provides the embryo with nutrients

Question 2

Embryo consists of what?

Answer 2

• Radicle
• Hypocotyl
• Plumule
• Epicotyl

Question 3

Radicle

Answer 3

first to emerge, develops into root,
anchors the plant into soil.

Question 4

Hypocotyl

Answer 4

bottom region of young shoot.

Question 5

Plumule

Answer 5

develops into leaves

Question 6

Epicotyl

Answer 6

top region (shoot tip)

Question 7

Germination

Answer 7

the sprouting of a seedling from a previously dormant state when environmental conditions are favorable.

Question 8

What is the most important condition in germination? Why?

Answer 8

Water
The seed absorbs water (imbibition) which breaks the seed coat & initiates growth.

Question 9

Where does plant growth take place? Meiosis or mitosis?

Answer 9

Meristems
Mitosis

Question 10

What type of growth is primary growth? Where does it occur?

Answer 10

Vertical
Apical meristerms

Question 11

What are the 3 zones of the root tip?

Answer 11

Zone of division
Zone of elongation
Zone of maturation

Question 12

Zone of division

Answer 12

where apical meristem cells
are located and divide

Question 13

Zone of elongation

Answer 13

above apical meristem,
cells absorb water and elongate

Question 14

Zone of maturation

Answer 14

cells differentiate to
specific plant tissues

Question 15

What type of growth is secondary growth? Where does it occur? Any specific plants it occurs in?

Answer 15

Horizontal
Lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium). Only occurs in woody plants.

Question 16

What is the root cap?

Answer 16

Covers roots protecting the apical meristem

Question 17

What is the vascular cambium ?

Answer 17

Ring of meristematic tissue located between primary xylem (closer to center) and primary phloem (closer to outer edge).

Question 18

What is the cork cambium ?

Answer 18

Ring of meristematic tissue located outside the phloem. Produces cork, the outermost protective layer.

Question 19

Vascular Cambium:
Cells produced ______ become _____ ______ (forms bark with cork and cork cambium).

Answer 19

outside, secondary phloem

Question 20

Vascular Cambium:
Cells produced _____ the ring of vascular cambium become ______ _______(forms wood along with pith)

Answer 20

inside, secondary xylem

Question 21

T/F: New phloem is produced every year

Answer 21

FALSE, only new xylem is produced

Question 22

T/F: New phloem replaces old phloem

Answer 22

TRUE!

Question 23

Ground tissue provides ______ ______ and makes up most of the plant’s _____

Answer 23

structural support, mass

Question 24

What is ground tissue made up of?

Answer 24

Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

Question 25

Parenchyma

Answer 25

filler tissue, makes up the bulk of plant, thin cell walls.

Question 26

Collenchyma

Answer 26

extra support (e.g. in areas of active growth), irregular cell walls.

Question 27

Sclerenchyma

Answer 27

provides main structural support, thick cell walls.

Question 28

What are the 3 types of plant tissue?

Answer 28

Ground, Vascular and Dermal

Question 29

What 2 things make up vascular tissue?

Answer 29

Phloem and Xylem

Question 30

Phloem

Answer 30

transports sugars from leaves (source) to roots and other areas (sink). Made of sieve cells (long cells, lacking organelles, connected to form a tunnel for transport) and companion cells (connected to sieve cells, contain organelles for metabolic functions).

Question 31

Vascular tissue transports materials from a _____ to a _____

Answer 31

source to a sink (source to sink theory)

Question 32

What is the stele formed by?

Answer 32

By xylem, phloem, and the pith (made of parenchyma) in the center of the plant for transport.

Question 33

Xylem

Answer 33

transports water from roots (source) to leaves (sink) and provides structural support

Question 34

Xylem are made up of what?

Answer 34

Made up of tracheids

Question 35

Dermal tissue is made up of what?

Answer 35

Epidermis and root hairs

Question 36

Epidermis

Answer 36

Covered by cuticle (waxy layer) which limits water evaporation.

Question 37

Root Hairs do what?

Answer 37

Increase surface area of roots for greater nutrient and water uptake.

Question 38

What is used to uptake water through roots?

Answer 38

symplastic pathway (inside cell) apoplastic pathway (outside cell)

Question 39

Casparian strip What is it made up of? Where does it force water to?

Answer 39

Made of fat and wax Impenetrable substance in the cell walls of the roots Forces water coming from cell walls into the cytoplasm for filtering - wax-like barrier found in plant roots that controls the movement of water in roots.

Question 40

Homosporous plants:

Answer 40

Bisexual gametophyte Produces one type of spore

Question 41

Heterosporous plants Mega/Micro develop into what?

Answer 41

Produces two types of spores Megaspores develop into the female gametophyte Microspores become the male gametophyte.

Question 42

Where is the stomata located? What does the stomata allow?

Answer 42

Lower epidermis Gas exchange

Question 43

Leaves are covered by an epidermal layer, covered by a waxy ______

Answer 43

cuticle

Question 44

Stomata are _____ when CO2 concentration is _____

Answer 44

open low *allows for CO2 intake and photosynthesis*

Question 45

Stomata are _____ when CO2 concentrations are _____ and when temperatures are _____

Answer 45

closed high high *prevents water loss via transpiration*

Question 46

Water ______ to the guard cells makes them _____, opening the stomata

Answer 46

influx swollen

Question 47

Whats another word for water loss

Answer 47

desiccation

Question 48

What makes up the mesophyll?

Answer 48

Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Bundle sheath cells

Question 49

Palisade mesophyll

Answer 49

Closer to upper epidermis, tightly packed cells that carry out photosynthesis.

Question 50

Spongy mesophyll

Answer 50

closer to lower epidermis, loosely-packed allowing for gas exchange.

Question 51

Bundle sheath cells

Answer 51

surround and protect the vascular bundles.

Question 52

What is the driving force?

Answer 52

Transpiration and cohesion

Question 53

What is the adhesive force?

Answer 53

Capillary action - causes water to climb upwards

Question 54

What is the osmotic gradient caused by?

Answer 54

Root pressure builds up in roots to produce an osmotic gradient which drives water from *soil into the roots*

Question 55

Leaves are _____

Answer 55

sources

Question 56

Roots and other areas are _____

Answer 56

sinks

Question 57

What do source cells produce? What does this cause?

Answer 57

Sugar Water being pulled into phloem

Question 58

Ethylene hormone function

Answer 58

Gas that increases fruit ripening *plants ethy-lean

Question 59

Auxins hormone function

Answer 59

Cause cell growth, tropism *turn up aux volume, increase cell volume

Question 60

Types of asymmetric growth due to auxins

Answer 60

Phototropism: growth towards light Gravitropism: growth away from pull of gravity Thigmotropism: growth in response to contact

Question 61

Cytokinin hormone function

Answer 61

Cell differentiation *cyto=cell, kinin=cell division compound

Question 62

Gibberellins

Answer 62

elongation, flowering, fruit production *gibber-elongation and Growth

Question 63

Abscisic Acid

Answer 63

Inhibit growth, stress *acid can't be good for plants

Question 64

Name the three nonvascular plants

Answer 64

LongHorn N(m)etwork Liverworts, Hornworts, Mosses

Question 65

Name some characteristics ab Bryophytes

Answer 65

- small & short - moist habitats - horizontally grown - contain *rhizoids* - life spent mostly in gametophyte stage

Question 66

Tracheophytes are what

Answer 66

Vascular plants

Question 67

The stamen is a plant’s ______ sex organ. The pistil is the plant’s ______ sex organ

Answer 67

male female