Plants

Question 1

flower

Answer 1

contains male and female sexual organs

Question 2

carpel

Answer 2

produces female gametes + provides structures/conditions necessary for fertilisation

Question 3

stamen

Answer 3

produces male gametes (pollen) and provides correct structures and conditions necessary for pollen transfer

Question 4

petals

Answer 4

attract pollinators

Question 5

anther

Answer 5

produces pollen grains (contain plant’s male gametes)

Question 6

filament

Answer 6

holds the anther in a position where it is able to transfer its pollen to an insect/mammal/bird

Question 7

stigma

Answer 7

traps pollen from other flowers

Question 8

style

Answer 8

supports and presents stigma in position where it can receive pollen (from insect/bird/mammal)

Question 9

ovary

Answer 9

contains ovules (which contain female gametes) which develop into seeds after fertilisation

Question 10

ovules

Answer 10

produces and contains female gametes, which upon fertilisation develop into seeds

Question 11

nectary

Answer 11

produces nectar (sweet liquid that pollinators feed on)

Question 12

sepals

Answer 12

protects leaves (while in bud)

Question 13

pollination

Answer 13

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

Question 14

when does fertilisation occur

Answer 14

pollen nucleus fuses with nucleus in ovule

Question 15

brightly coloured flowers are usually pollinated by

Answer 15

insects

Question 16

description of sepal

Answer 16

green part at the top of the stem, underneath the petals

Question 17

description of stamen

Answer 17

the male part of the flower consisting of the filament and the anther

Question 18

description of filament

Answer 18

the stalk that supports the anther

Question 19

description of anther

Answer 19

coloured, usually with a powdery appearance

Question 20

description of stigma

Answer 20

usually green and the tallest part of the inside of the flower, and with a sticky, waxy layer

Question 21

description of style

Answer 21

thin structure that supports the stigma and is above the ovary

Question 22

description of carpel

Answer 22

female part of the flower that contains the stigma, style and ovary

Question 23

description of ovary

Answer 23

green, bulb-shaped part near the bottom of the flower

Question 24

description of ovule

Answer 24

structures within the ovary

Question 25

two types of pollination

Answer 25

self and cross

Question 26

what is self pollination

Answer 26

transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or a different flower on the same plant

Question 27

advantage of self pollination

Answer 27

do not need to rely solely on pollinators such as insects

Question 28

disadvantage of self pollination

Answer 28

- reduces genetic variation within a population of plants - reduces ability to of a population to respond to changes in environment (such as changes in climate or introduced diseases)

Question 29

what is cross pollination

Answer 29

transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower on a different plant of the same species

Question 30

advantage of cross pollination

Answer 30

- genetic variation increases within a population of plants - improves the ability of the population to respond to changes in the environment and to disease

Question 31

disadvantage of cross pollination

Answer 31

relies on pollinators

Question 32

petal in wind pollination

Answer 32

small and usually dull in colour because they do not need to attract insects

Question 33

petal in insect pollination

Answer 33

large and brightly coloured to attract insect pollinators

Question 34

anther in wind pollination

Answer 34

loosely attached and dangle outside the flower so its pollen can be blown easily by the wind

Question 35

anther in insect pollination

Answer 35

located inside the flower to brush against insects

Question 36

stigma in wind pollination

Answer 36

loosely attached and dangle outside the flower so they can catch wind-borne pollen from other plants; often appear feathery

Question 37

stigma in insect pollination

Answer 37

located inside the flower to brush against insects

Question 38

conditions for germination

Answer 38

Water, Oxygen, Warmth

Question 39

How many number of flowers/plants do wind pollinated and insect pollinated have?

Answer 39

wind pollinated: many small insect pollinated: fewer, larger

Question 40

What is the plant population growth patter in wind pollinated and insect pollinated flowers?

Answer 40

wind pollinated: dense population insect pollinated: small groups

Question 41

How are the petals in wind and insect pollinated flowers?

Answer 41

wind pollinated: dull and small insect pollinated: bright large

Question 42

What are two adaptations of an insect pollinated flower that a wind pollinated flower doesn’t have?

Answer 42

good scent and nectar

Question 43

How are the pollen grains in wind pollinated flowers?

Answer 43

smooth, small, light, not many

Question 44

How are the pollen grains in insect pollinated flowers?

Answer 44

sticky, large, heavy, spiky, many

Question 45

How are the stamens in wind pollinated flowers?

Answer 45

pendulous, long filaments, exposed anthers

Question 46

How are the stamens in insect pollinated flowers?

Answer 46

short filaments with enclosed anthers

Question 47

How are the carpels/ovary in wind pollinated flowers?

Answer 47

exposed

Question 48

How are the carpels/ovary in insect pollinated flowers?

Answer 48

enclosed

Question 49

How is the stigma’s surface in wind pollinated flowers?

Answer 49

sticky, feathery, exposed

Question 50

How is the stigma’s surface in insect pollinated flowers?

Answer 50

sticky, flat, enclosed

Question 51

Describe pollination

Answer 51

the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma

Question 52

What are the effects of SELF-POLLINATION on a population in terms of variety, capacity to respond to changes in environment + reliance on pollinators?

Answer 52

- fewer genetic variation - lower capacity to respond to changes in environment - relies less on pollinators

Question 53

What are the effects of CROSS-POLLINATION on a population in terms of variety, capacity to respond to changes in environment + reliance on pollinators?

Answer 53

- more genetic variation - higher capacity to respond to changes in environment - relies a lot on pollinators

Question 54

When does fertilisation occur in plants?

Answer 54

when a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule

Question 55

what is germination

Answer 55

development of a plant from a seed

Question 56

What are three factors needed for germination of seeds?

Answer 56

water, oxygen and warmth

Question 57

What enzymes are used in germination and how?

Answer 57

amylase breaks down starch into glucose, which is to be used by the embryo to grow

Question 58

Describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule.

Answer 58

1. pollen lands on stigma and are recognised by the receptors on stigma surface 2. pollen tube grows down the style towards ovary 3. pollen tube penetrates wall of the ovary to reach the ovule 4. sperm cell inside the pollen grain moves down pollen tube, reaching the ovule and they fuse to form a zygote (fertilisation) 5. the petals, stamen and sepals wither and fall from flower 6. ovary grows and matures into fresh fruit: fertilised ovule turns into seed of the fruit