1
Q
What are the 4 main types of plant tissue?
A
- Ground
- Dermal
- Vascular
- Meristem
2
Q
What types of cells are in the Ground Tissue?
Ground tissue makes up the bulk of the plant.
A
- mesophyll cells : for photosynthesis
- parenchyma cells : food & water storage
- other cells : for support
3
Q
What makes up the Dermal Tissue?
The Dermal tissue makes up the outermost layer of a plant (epidermis)
A
- epidermal leaf cells : produce waxy cuticle which stops intruders & prevents dryness
- trichomes : hairs on stems/leaves produce toxins
- cells on outside of roots grow extensions into the soil : increases surface area for absorption
4
Q
What are the two types of Vascular Tissue?
A
Xylem & Phloem
5
Q
What are the functions of Xylem?
A
- transportation : water & dissolved minerals from roots to leaves
- ONLY GOES UP
- looonnggg cells join to make tubes
Fun Fact: wood is old xylem cells
6
Q
What are the functions of Phloem?
A
- transportation : photosynthesis products, sugar solution
- GOES UP AND DOWN
Fun Fact: bark is old phloem cells
7
Q
What is the only plant tissue that can go through mitosis?
A
Meristem tissue
Just like stem cells!
8
Q
Where and what is the purpose of the apical meristem?
A
- WHERE: tip of the shoot/root
- WHAT: makes plant taller and roots deeper
9
Q
What is the purpose of the lateral meristem?
also known as “vascular cambium”
A
- gives rise to new xylem & phloem each year in a tree
- the plant gets wider
10
Q
What is the purpose of the marginal meristem?
Only in DICOTS!!
A
- makes dicot leaves grow BIGGER
11
Q
What is the purpose of the basal meristem?
Only in MONOCOTS!!
A
- makes monocot leaves grow TALLER
12
Q
What is the purpose of the intercalary meristem?
Only in MONOCOTS!!
A
- “joints” where plant gets taller
- example is bambooooo
13
Q
What are the 5 types of meristem?
A
- apical meristem
- lateral meristem
- marginal meristem
- basal meristem
- intercalary meristem
14
Q
What are the 4 types of plant cells?
A
- parenchyma
- collenchyma
- sclerenchyma
- vascular (xylem & phloem)
15
Q
What is the PHYSICAL description of parenchyma cells?
A
- often round in shape
- large vacuoles
- thin walls
- are alive at maturity
“Alive at maturity” means that when a plant is fully developed, the cells retain their living characteristics
16
Q
What are the functions of parenchyma cells?
A
- dominant tissue in soft plants
- photosynthesis
- storage around the plant
- some provide support for vascular cells
Some examples of parenchyma cells: epidermis, mesophyll (photosynthesis), trichomes (hair)
17
Q
What is the PHYSICAL description of collenchyma cells?
A
- thick cell walls
- alive at maturity
Cell walls are ESPECIALLY thick in the corners of the cell.
18
Q
What are the functions of collenchyma cells?
A
- provides mechanical support
- often for growing parts of a plant
19
Q
What is the PHYSICAL description of sclerenchyma cells?
A
- thick cell walls
- DEAD at maturity
“Dead at maturity” means that when the plant is fully developed, the cells DIE. Or well, kinda –
20
Q
What are the functions of sclerenchyma cells?
A
- primary function support
- major component of the vascular bundles
ex. fibers, nut shells, stone cells (grittyness in pears)
21
Q
What is the PHYSICAL description of vascular (xylem) cells?
A
- thick cell walls
- DEAD at maturity
22
Q
What is the PHYSICAL description of vascular (phloem) cells?
A
- thin cell walls
- alive at maturity
- composed of sieve-tube cells + companion cells
Sieve-tube cells are looong cells with less cytoplasm and is kept alive by the companion cells
23
Q
What are the functions of vascular (xylem) cells?
A
- transports water and minerals from roots to rest of plant
- ONLY GOES UP
- mechanical support in TREES
24
Q
What are the functions of vascular (phloem) cells?
A
- transports food from leaves to roots (photosynthesis)
- GOES BOTH WAYS
25
What are the two cell types of **vascular (xylem)?**
* tracheids (monocots/dicots)
*long sclerenchyma cells that moves water cell to cell*
* vessel members (dicots)
*short sclerenchyma cells stacked on each other*
26
What is a **seed**?
A plant in a box with its lunch.
## Footnote
An embryo (new plant) in a testa (protection) with its endosperm (food).
27
What is an **angiosperm?**
A flowering plant that has its seeds inside a fruit.
28
What are the two **classes** of angiosperms?
* monocotyledons
* dicotyledons
## Footnote
Can you guess by the names which is in a monocot or a dicot lol
28
How do **monocots** and **dicots** differentiate seeds?
Monocots have ONE seed leaf. (corn kernal)
Dicots have TWO seed leaves. (bean)
29
What is the **hilum** in a seed?
The scar from where the seed was attached in the ovary.
30
What is the **micropyle** in a seed?
Where the pollen entered the fertilize the ovule.
31
What is the **coleoptile**, **epicotyl**, **hypocotyl**, and **radicle**?
## Footnote
In a MONOCOT seed!!
**COLEOPTILE**: protective covering for new shoot
**EPICOTYL**: part of new stem ABOVE cotyledon
**HYPOCOTYL**: part of new stem BELOW cotyledon (*start of roots!*)
**RADICLE**: first emerging part of roots
32
What is the **plumule?**
## Footnote
In DICOT seed!!
The leaves and epicotyl which make up the shoot.
33
What is the function of **meristematic cells** in seeds?
## Footnote
(Apical meristem was the only one mentioned in the notes)
* apical meristem found at tip of root/shoot
* in embryo, apical meristem terminates the epicotyl
* hypocotyl terminates in RADICLE (an apical meristem wowie)
| terminates also means like... ends. so
## Footnote
REMINDER: meristem cells are physically young and can do repeated cell division
34
What is the process of **germination?**
1. the radicle is the first to appear
2. the cotyledons either go above ground (*dicots*), or remain below ground (*monocots*)
3. if cotyledons go up, they turn green and photosynthesize!
35
What are the functions of **roots?**
* anchors plant in soil
* transports nutrients
* absorbs water & dissolved materials
* stores starch produced by leaves (through photosynthesis)
36
What are the types of **root systems**? (Including *monocot* and *dicot* systems)
1. Primary Root: first root developed from the seed
2. Secondary Root: smaller root branches growing sideways from primary root
3. DICOT Root: has a **tap root** which grows down into soil
4. MONOCOT Root: has a **fibrous root** that branches out and does not have a MAIN root
37
Describe the **epidermis** in terms of **root structure.**
| (Roots)
* outer layer of cells responsible for protection
* absorbs water & dissolved materials
* no chloroplasts – so gets glucose from starch stores in cortext cells
* root hairs are extensions of epidermal cells which increase surface area for absorption
38
What is the **Cortex?**
| (Roots)
* used for storage and occupies the bulk of roots volume
* materials diffuse through or between the cortex cells
39
What is the **endodermis?**
| (Roots)
* a layer of cells that filter materials that are moving into the vascular tissues
* cells are very tight together
* have waterproof bands *(casparian bands)*
40
What is the **pericycle?**
| (Roots)
* meristematic tissue that produces secondary roots
* for dicots (wood), will produce vascular cambium
## Footnote
REMINDER: vascular cambium is the main part of meristem tissue mostly in trees
41
What is the **vascular tissue** in terms of **root structure?**
XYLEM: transports water and dissolved minerals
PHLOEM: sends food to the roots for growth and storage, and transports starch back up to leaves
## Footnote
The arrangement of xylem and phloem differs between monocots (scattered) and dicots (in line).
42
What is the **pith?**
* used for storage
* ONLY FOUND IN MONOCOTS!
* at the center of the root
43
How is water absorbed through the roots?
* absorbed through root hairs
* transported back to vascular cells through diffusion (from cell to cell or between cells)
* to get through cell walls: little pores between cells help! (plasmodesmata)
44
Describe root growth.
1. apical meristem is covered by root cap (which protects tissue)
2. new cells grow and get longer
3. this pushes the root deeper into the soil
4. the cells begin to differentiate and mature!
45
What are the functions of **stems?**
* provide structure for plant
* transports water & organic material to and from roots and leaves
* stores small amounts of starch produced by leaves
46
Describe the role of the **epidermis** in terms of **stems.**
* the outer layer of cells that protects
* stomata may be present but in small numbers
## Footnote
REMINDER: stomata are small pores within the stem's epidermis. They act as mouths of sorts!
47
Describe the **cortex** in terms of **stems.**
* consists of parenchyma cells for storage
* consists of sclerenchyma for strength
* materials diffuse through or in between cortex cells
## Footnote
In MONOCOTS, the cortex is just referred to as ground tissue.
48
Describe **vascular tissue** in terms of **stems**.
* contains xylem & phloem
* in dicots : arranged in ring
* in monocots : scattered
| Xylem is towards inside of plant, phloem is towards outside
## Footnote
Dicots also have vascular cambium between xylem and phloem...
49
Describe the **pith** in terms of **stems.**
## Footnote
In DICOTS only!!!
* the centre of the stem
* consists of parenchyma cells that store things
* sometimes these parenchyma cells actually aren't even there tho
## Footnote
again, these are in DICOTS ONLY!!
50
Describe **primary growth** in **stems.**
1. stems are divided into segments called internodes
2. between each internode is a node
3. leaves attach at these nodes
4. at this point, there is a lateral (auxillary) bud that can develop into a new shoot
5. these buds contain apical meristems
6. the tip of each stem has a terminal bud
51
Remind me what is photosynthesis hmmm hmmm
## Footnote
it's 11 pm im going insane
* the process by which plants utilize light energy to create organic compounds
CO2 + H2O --> glucose + oxygen
52
What is the **epidermis** in terms of **leaves?**
* has a number of modified cells : trichomes (hairs), waxy cuticles, and guard cells
* stomata is on the lower surface of leaf
* two guard cells arrange an opening for stomata
## Footnote
CUTICLE: a waxy secretion on top of the epidermis which is waterproof (protection!)
53
What is the process of **water** entering the **guard cells?**
1. water enters the guard cells
2. they swell
3. this opens the pore and allows CO2 to enter plant
4. oxygen and water leave
5. stomate closes after water is gone
54
Describe the **palisade mesophyll.**
## Footnote
(Leaves)
* long, thin parenchyma cells
* arranged standing up to maximize sun exposure
* contains chloroplasts for photosynthesis
55
Describe **spongy mesophyll.**
## Footnote
(Leaves)
* photosynthetic parenchyma cells
* has air spaces between them to allow for flow of gases within leaf
56
Describe **vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)** in terms of **leaves.**
* xylem & phloem are bundled together in strands called veins
* in dicot leaves, veins branch out
* in monocot leaves, veins run straight
* xylem: brings water to leaf for photosynthesis
* phloem: brings sugars away from leaf
57
Quickly describe how **leaves adapt**.
* they adapt to utilize various environments
* ex. desert plants have spines for protection
* ex. some have tendrils for support
58
What function do **flowers** provide for the plant?
* sexual reproductive organ of plants
* use colour, scent and nectar to attract pollinators
* some use wind to scatter pollen
59
What is the structure of the **reproductive** parts of a plant? (Flower)
**SEPAL**: protective cover for flower when it was just a baby bud
**PETAL**: the showy, performance part of the flower
## Footnote
baby bug bug
60
What are the **male** structures of a flower?
STAMEN
* anther sac: contains pollen (the male haploid gametes)
* filament: stalk that holds the anther up
61
What are the **female** structures of a flower?
PISTIL
* stigma: sticky landing pad for pollen at top
* style: holds stigma up
* ovary: holds ovules, becomes fruit
* ovule: female haploid gamete
62
Do all flowers have male and female parts?
Nooo nooo
## Footnote
MONOECIOUS: have both
DIECIOUS: have both but in DIFFERENT flowers
63
What are the patterns of **monocots and dicots** in **flowers?**
* Monocots: parts in 3 *(3 petals, 6 stamens, 3 branches on stamen)*
* Dicots: parts in 4-5
64
Describe the process of **fertilization** of a plant.
1. pollen lands on stigma
2. pollen grows a pollen tube down the style into the ovary
3. reaches an ovule
4. male gamete (pollen) travels down and fertilizes ovule
6. ovary swells and sometimes becomes fruit!
## Footnote
for every seed in a fruit there is 1 pollen + 1 ovule
65
Tell me what you know about **fruit structures!**
yayyy good job i'm sure you did great
66
What is **asexual reproduction** in plants?
* the generation of new plants through cloning!
* will be a GENETIC COPY of parent plant
67
What are some of the ways that plants **asexually** reproduce?
1. tubers (potatoes)
2. little leaves (Mother of Thousands)
3. cloves of a bulb (garlic)
4. rhizome - underground stem (ferns and grass!)
68
What is **tropism?**
* directional growth in response to a stimulus from the environment
* cells on one side of the plant will elongate faster than the other side, causing movement
* **postive**: moves towards stimulus
* **negative**: moves away from stimulus
69
What is **phototropism?**
* plant growth in response to light
70
What is **gravitropism?**
* plant growth in response to gravity
71
What is **thigmotropism?**
* plant growth in response to touch
72
What is **nastic response?**
* non-directional responses to stimulus that occurs faster than tropisms
* ex. venus fly trap, mimosa
## Footnote
we're finally done oh my fucking god bro
bio
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