Angiosperms (2 types)
Categorized by number of ___________ which are tissues for ________ of ___________ for developing seedling.
Dicotyledons and monocotyledons.
Cotyledons, storage, nutrition
Leaf venation (2 types)
Netted or parallel organization of veins.
Vascular bundles are made up of ________ and _________ and located in the stems. They can either be ________ or ___________.
Xylem and phloem.
Circular or scattered.
Root (2 types)
- Taproot - large single root
2. Fibrous system (cluster of fine roots)
Seed plants (2 types)
- Gymnosperm (conifer)
2. Angiosperm (flowering)
3 plant tissues
- Dermal tissue
- Ground tissue
- Vascular tissue
Dermal tissue: made up of ________ cells and functions to ______________________. Cells excrete _______.
Epidermis; provide covering; cuticle
Ground tissue: three types differing in ______ _______.
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
Differ in cell wall
Parenchyma cells
- most common of _____ tissue
- have _____ walls
- has various functions such as _______, ________, ________.
Ground
Thin
Storage, photosynthesis, secretion
Collenchyma
- cells of ______ tissue
- has ______ but _______ cell walls.
- its function is to provide ________ ________.
Ground
Thick, flexible
Mechanical support
Sclerenchyma
- cells of ________ tissue.
- have ___________ and ________ cell walls.
- like collenchyma, provides ________ ________.
Ground
Thickest, inflexible
Mechanical support
Vascular tissue: made up of ________ ________ that include the ________ and ________.
Vascular bundle, xylem, phloem
Xylem tissue
- main function is ________
- made up of mostly ________ cells
- has two types of cells
Conduction of water
Dead
Tracheids, vessel elements.
Tracheids
- cells of ________ tissue of vascular bundle
- physically ________ and ________
- has ________ where water passes
Xylem
Long and tapered
Pits (areas with thin or nonexistent secondary cell walls)
Vascular elements/membranes
- cells of ________ that are ________ and ________.
- has ________ that allow ________ water flow.
Xylem, short and wide
Perforations, efficient
Phloem
- part of ________ ________
- main function is ________
- made up of ________ ________
- has ________ and ________ ________
- associated with ________ ________
Vascular bundle Translocation: conduction of sugar Sieve membranes/tubes Pores and sieve plates Companion cells
Seed: consists of ________ ________, ________(for dicots)/________(for monocots), and ________ which is made up of ________, ________, ________, and ________.
Seed coat, cotyledon/endospore, embryo - pumule, epicotyle, hypocotyle, radicle.
Embryo of seed:
- Plumule - ________ ________ at the highest point of an embryo.
- Epicotyle - second highest point of embryo that becomes the ________.
- Hypocotyle - middle point of embryo that also becomes the ________.
- Radicle - lowest point of embryo that becomes the ________.
- Young leaves
- Shoot
- Shoot
- Root
In monocots, a sheath called ________ surrounds and protects the epicotyle, emerging at first as ________ but ultimately becoming a protective sheath.
Coleoptile, leaves
Germination: growth of seed begins with ________ absorption which activates ________ that catalyze ________ ________ such as respiration. ________ absorption also causes the seed to ________ which exposes the ________ that becomes the ________. Next, ________ elongates to become a young ________.
Water, enzymes, biological processes.
Water, crack, radicle, root.
Hypocoptyle, shoot.
3 zones of growth during germination:
- Zone of division - ________ part of root and contains ________ ________ cells that are ________ and divide.
- Zone of elongation - where root grows long.
- Zone of cell maturation/differentiation - ________ cells differentiate.
- Lowest, apical meristemic, undifferentiated
3. Meristemic
Primary growth: development of primary tissue, extends ________ of plants.
Secondary growth: development of secondary tissue, extends ________ of plants.
Length
Girth/width
4 parts to primary structure of roots:
- Epidermis - produce ________ ________ that increase absorption of ________; these are produced at the zone of ________ and eventually die at the zone of ________.
- Cortex - ________ of the root that stores ________ and provide ________ for respiration.
- Endodermis - has ________ which is a ________ substance and a ________-impenetrable barrier.
- Vascular cylinder - also called ________.
- Root hairs, water, elongation, maturation.
- Bulk, starch, spores.
- Suberin, water
- Stele
3 parts of primary structure of stems
- Epidermis - has ________ and provides coverage.
- Cortex - contains ________.
- Vascular cylinder - contains ________, ________, and ________.
- Cuticle
- Chloroplast
- Xylem, phloem, pith
