Plants- Ch 30

Question 1

What are the names of the four great episodes in the evolution of plants?

Answer 1

Bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Question 2

What are the names of these four great episodes?

Answer 2

1. ) the origin of bryophytes from algal ancestors
2. ) the origin and diversification of vascular plants
3. ) the origin of seeds
4. ) the evolution of flowers

Question 3

the evolutionary novelties if the first land plants opened an expanse of terrestrial habitat previously occupied by only films of__________

Answer 3

bacteria

Question 4

What were some of the novelties?

Answer 4

spacious, bright unfiltered sunlight, abundance of carbon dioxide, soil was rich in mineral nutrients, relatively few herbivores or pathogens

Question 5

what are the 3 phyla of bryophytes?

Answer 5

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Question 6

what are the characteristics?

Answer 6

• usually no conductive tissue, sometimes poorly developed tissue
• gametophyte dominant
• sporophyte parasitic gametophyte
• need moist environment
• won’t live well in a desert

Question 7

describe the structure: gametophyte

Answer 7

• gametophyte –> leady structure or thick conspicuous part

- produces archegonia and antheridia–> produce gametes

Question 8

Are bryophytes a monophyletic group?

Answer 8

no

-diverged independently early in plant evolution, before the origin of vascular plants

Question 9

__________ and __________ may be the most reasonable models of what early plants were like

Answer 9

Liverworts; Hornworts

Question 10

True or False: Mosses are the bryophytes most closely related to vascular plants

Answer 10

true

Question 11

What is the name of the oldest known vascular plant that evolved over 400 million years ago?

Answer 11

Cooksonia

Question 12

What are Pteridophytes?

Answer 12

seedless vascular plants

Question 13

What are the four phyla of seedless vascular plant?

Answer 13

1. ) whisk ferns
2. ) club mosses and quillworts
3. ) horsetails and scouring rushes
4. ) ferns

Question 14

Whisk Ferns

Answer 14

also called Psilotophyta

• simplest of all living vascular plants
• enations

Question 15

Club Mosses and Quillworts

Answer 15

also called Lycophyta

• sporangia clustered together in cones or strobili which protect them
• some heterosporous–microspores and megaspores
• necessary for evolution of seeds

Question 16

Horsetails and Scouring Rushes

Answer 16

also called Equisetophyta

• single remaining genus-Equisetum
• flourished in the Carboniferous
• treelike, over 50,000 feet tall

Question 17

There are three analogous structures called leaves. What are they?

Answer 17

1. ) Leaves on gametophytes of nonvascular plants
2. ) enations-microphylls
3. ) megaphylls

Question 18

True leaves/megaphylls are present in what groups?

Answer 18

all seed plants, ferns, some equisetophytes

Question 19

Ferns and fernallies

Answer 19

also known as polypodiophyta

• 11,000 species
• all have megaphyll - fronds
• produce spores (megaspores and microspores)
• wind dispersed
• flagellated spore (water dispersed)

Question 20

Seed plants evolved from what?

Answer 20

spore-bearing fern-like plants

Question 21

What is a benefit of having seeds?

Answer 21

1. ) protection for the embryo
2. ) nourishment for the embryo
3. ) easily dispersed
4. ) introduce a dormant phase in the life cycle

Question 22

Do seeds have a whole genome duplication?

Answer 22

yes

Question 23

Seed -plants produce 2 kinds of gametophytes. What are they? Describe them

Answer 23

Male Gametophytes:

• pollen grains
• dispersed by wind or a pollinator

Female Gametophytes:

• egg develops within archegonia
• enclosed within diploid

Question 24

Gymnosperms

Answer 24

• naked seed (on scale of female cone)
• no flowers or fruit
• most are trees and shrubs which means they are sporophytes and diploid
• more advances than seedless vascular

Question 25

What are the four plant phyla?

Answer 25

Pinophyta, Ginkophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta

Question 26

Pinophyta

Answer 26

- 576 species - pines, cedars, firs, spruces, hemlocks, redwoods - largest and most familiar group - almost all have seeds or cones - mostly woody - mostly massive ie: Giant Sequioa

Question 27

The oldest living tree is part of the Pinophyta phylum. What is it called?

Answer 27

Bristlecone pine

Question 28

Ginkgophyta

Answer 28

- living fossil - formerly widely distributed, now only where cultivated - 1 living representative: Ginkobiloba - Fan-shaped leaves - dioecious (separate male and female plants/trees

Question 29

Cicadophyta

Answer 29

- look like ferns and palms but not closely related to either - slow growing - tropical - pollinated by beetles - sperm with flagella - dioecious

Question 30

Gnetophyta

Answer 30

- 3 Genomes - xylem with vessels like angiosperms * most complex - welwitschia

Question 31

What is the function of a flower?

Answer 31

to attract pollinators with colorful petals, scent, and pollen

Question 32

Flowers are the most diverse plant group. How many species are there ?

Answer 32

300,000

Question 33

is a flower a gametophyte or a sporophyte?

Answer 33

sporophyte?