Play 1

Question 1

What are 3 different types of play

Answer 1

• Sensorimotor play
• Language play
• Pretend play

Question 2

What is decentration?

Answer 2

In pretend play where at the beginning children perform the pretend action with themselves then with objects

Question 3

What are Parten’s categories of social participation (6)

Answer 3

• Unoccupied
• Onlooker
• Solitary
• Parallel
• Associative
• Cooperative

Question 4

What is Smilansky’s 4 sequences of play model

Answer 4

Not symbolic:

• Functional
• Constructive

Symbolic:

• Dramatic
• Games with rules

Question 5

What are Pellegrini & Smith’s 3 developmental stages of physical activity play

Answer 5

1. Rhythmical stereotypes
2. Exercise play
3. Rough and tumble play

Question 6

What are 2 potential reasons rough and tumble play may lead to conflict

Answer 6

• Lack of social skills (misinterpret playful for real)

- Deliberate manipulation and cheating (violation of play expectations)

Question 7

What is the role of rough and tumble play (3)

Answer 7

• Developing physical strength and stamina
• Improve fighting skills
• Realise own strength and establish position in hierarchy

Question 8

What is the role of sociodramatic play (2)

Answer 8

• Practice language skills

- Improve social negotiation

Question 9

What are Lillard et al’s 3 models for the role of pretend play

Answer 9

• Epiphenomenal: has no particular role in development, is a by product of other abilities
• Equifinality: one of the number of ways in which a child can learn and acquire skills
• Essential: essential or at least has a privileged position for many aspects of development

Question 10

What are Bigelow & Gaipa’s 3 stages in expectations of friendship

Answer 10

6-8 years- friendship based on common activities, living nearby
9-10 years- shared values, rules and sanctions become important
11-12 years- understanding and self-disclosure as well as shared interests

Question 11

What differences did Newcomb & Bagwell identify between interactions between friends vs non friends

Answer 11

• More intense social activities
• More reciprocity and intimacy in interactions
• More conflict resolution
• More effective task performance, friends help each other and offer better constructive criticism

Question 12

What are sociograms

Answer 12

Visual representations of who plays with whom based on observation

Question 13

What are the 4 sociometric status type categories

Answer 13

• Popular
• Controversial
• Neglected
• Rejected

Question 14

What 3 main phenomena regarding sex differences did Maccoby identify

Answer 14

• Segregation: from 3+ children display a strong tendency to play with members of their own sex
• Differentiation: different styles of interaction
• Asymmetry: boys groups are more cohesive and exclusionary than girls groups