Rational perspective (4)
- choose the most efficient solution at the highest success and lowest cost
- technocracy: experts taking over policymaking
- positivism: rational societal steering since all problems can be solved
- Policy Theory: connects policy goals to means
Rational perspective
- policy theory (causes & effects)
causes and effects are studied through the Causal Model by asking
- what
- who
- how
- context
Rational Perspective
- policy theory (goals & means)
goals and means are studied through the Intervention Model by
- eliminating the causes
- combating the consequences
- influencing the context
Rational Perspective
- policy theory (normative values)
normative values are examined through Goal Trees
Rational Perspective
- policy theory (wicked problems) (3)
- not all problems can be addressed and effective solutions can be found
- different stakeholders involved will refer to different sources of knowledge
- bounded rationality
Political Perspective on Policy Development (3)
- Policy Formulation is a political exercise where different stakeholders influence the process leading to winners and losers
- resources are shared with advocacy coalitions: authority, knowledge, financial
- network analysis: who do I need to develop policies (connectivity)
Political Perspective
- network analysis (5)
- responsibility
- interests
- definition
- resources
- strategy
Political perspective
- game-like interactions (4) (ACCC)
- avoidance
- competition
- consensus development
- coalition
Cultural Perspective (3)
- convincing frames that make sense to different groups of people
- creation of causal stories NOT causal policy theories
- cues to influence the story’s interpretation
Cultural perspective
- causal stories (4) (PTSL)
- what is the problem? Problem Framing
- who is the policy about? Target Group
- why solve it? Problem Legitimisation
- how to solve it? Solution
Cultural Perspective
- interpretation of stories
- personalisation
- metaphors
- symbols
- figures
- images
Institutional Perspective
playing with different design logics (2)(AW/AA)
Logic of Consequences
- does it work? cost-benefit
- is it allowed? rule of law
2. Logic of Appropriateness:
- is it applicable? circumstances
- is it appropriate? government legitimacy
Policy instruments are…
tools used by the government to develop and implement policies
Policy instruments
Perspectives
R: tools used are to achieve policy goals
P: tools used are to give power to actors
C: tools used are to convey messages fitting stories
I: tools used are to promote path dependency
Types of Policy Instruments (3)(LEC)
Legal Norm Setting:
forces actors to act upon; legal rules and directives
(the stick)
Economic:
appeals to cost-benefit assessment
(the carrot)
Communicative:
information and dialogue on interventions
(sermon)
