Polymers Lec 2

Question 1

What do polymers require?

Answer 1

macromolecules

Question 2

How are polymers formed from monomers?

Answer 2

dehydration

Question 3

How are polymers broken down?

Answer 3

hydrolosis (adding water)

Question 4

What are monomers?

Answer 4

Similar/identical blocks of molecules that make up polymers.

Question 5

What percentage of organic matter in cells is polymers vs. monomers?

Answer 5

80% polymers, 20% monomers.

Question 6

Name the four main types of polymers.

Answer 6

Lipids (fats), Polysaccharides, Proteins, Nucleic acids.

Question 7

Describe the process of dehydration in polymer formation.

Answer 7

OH and H on the ends of two smaller molecules form water, creating a longer polymer.

Question 8

Describe the process of hydrolysis in polymer breakdown.

Answer 8

Enzymes or heat break polymers down by adding H2O into the polymer to create two smaller molecules.

Question 9

What are lipids? and what are they known for?

Answer 9

lipids - simple compounds that are great at storing energy and able to be used for steroid hormones (most common is acetate
- which is the initial building block for many compounds that can make lipids (which are hydrophobic)).

Lipids can grow

Question 10

Palmetric VS Steoric

Answer 10

palmetric - palm oils
Steoric - animal lard

Question 11

Phosphate added to lipids makes lipids…?

Answer 11

amphiphathic
Phospholipids membranes can then form vesicles for the cells

Question 12

how are lipids stored?

Answer 12

through triglycerides (using ester linkages)

Question 13

Explain Saturated Fats:

Answer 13

he chain is straight (e.g. butter)

Regular and aligned. When cooled with low kinetic energy, they can come together quite close and thus become mroe solid

Question 14

Explain unsaturated fats afnd give an example:

Answer 14

Unsaturated Fats - chain is bend. Double bonds form and bend it (cis bond)
Olive oil
Have bent chains and thus cannot come too close together when cooled, thus stay more liquid.

Question 15

What makes up phospholipids in membranes?

Answer 15

Nitrogenous gorup on tjop, phosophate gorup (polar) - hydrophilic
Chain (acyl) forms the hydrophobic tial

Forms for phospholipid bilayer in cell membranes that transports stuff through the layer and is abel tjo self assemble and grow.
When reached a certain size, they split. This is likely the first form of replication without DNA info

Question 16

What do sugars form, and what are they formed from?

Answer 16

Form polymers
formed from central pathways

Question 17

Explain monosaccharides:

Answer 17

single sugars
1 sugar molecules (glucose, fructose, and ribose)
Glucose:

Question 18

Explain Disaccharides, further describe any examples:

Answer 18

form from several mixed sugar types
2 sugar molecules (sucrose and lactose)

Question 19

Explain polysaccharides and their specifics

Answer 19

Polysaccharides - formed from many rpeating units by glycosidic bonds

Used for energy storage

Plants nad animals use polysaccharides to form cellulose and chitin for structures

Many molecules (glycosidic bonds) - bonds made from dehydration.

Question 20

Explain glycogen (function, form, and what it’s made from)

Answer 20

Glycogen: Energy storage with glycogen in tissues (mainly liver and muscles)
Branched and able to store more energy, mainly found in animals
Form granules of fat
Polymer of glucose

Question 21

Explain starch in plants

Answer 21

Starch (plants) - large bendy globs

Question 22

What are structure molecules and explain some examples?

Answer 22

cellulose (mainly foudn in plants and is a polymer of glucose), and chitin.
Carbohydrates - residuals joint to proteins to for glycoproteins (known for their role as energy sources)

Cellulose (plants) - no branches, stringy. Gives tensile strength. Found in cell walls
Polymer of glucose and not branched
Has Beta glucose monomer

Chitin: (animals) - amine gorup allows monomer to attach to many other moelcules, and stick to other chains. Can form exoskeleetons
Glucose monomer (N-acetylemonomer)

Question 23

What are nucleotides, their function, and their components?

Answer 23

Nucleic acids are polymers

Function: store all info of DNA and RNA. Store chemical energy in ATP. Intracellular singlalling cAMP

Components include - phosphate group, sugar backbone, and Nitrogen base to make nucleotide
Has 5’C and 3’C ends to bind together.
Connected by phosphodiester bonds

Question 24

Explain phosphodiester bonds

Answer 24

formed by dehydration and hydrolosis breaking it apart

Deoxyribose - one OH
Ribose - 2 OH on bottom of cyclic

Question 25

How are proteins formed and waht is there property?

Answer 25

Formed by amino acids and carboxylic acids forming peptide bonds through dehydration. Range up to 23 proteins in eukaryotes Properties determined by shape and function

Question 26

What is a peptide bond?

Answer 26

Peptide bond - carboxy group and amine group → (dehydration) = peptide bond Different amino acids have negative or posoitve charge that influences their bending and thus their function and shape